1、TEM-8 Tutoring,2011-11-29,Guideline,Proofreading & Error Correction Analysis of the test item: general introduction, major types of errors Case study: TEM8-2009, TEM8-2010, TEM8-2011 Common problems with the test item and suggestions for improvement Supplementary exercise,Analysis of the test item I
2、,General introduction TEM-8 Proofreading & Error Correction: 本部分由一篇约250个单词的短文组成，短文中有10行标有题号。该10行内均含有一个语误。要求学生根据“增添”、“删除”、或“改变其中的某一单词或短语”三种方法中的一种改正语误。 本部分为主观试题，共10题。 考试时间15分钟。,测试要求： 能运用语法、词汇、修辞等语言知识识别所给短文内的语病并提出改正方法。 测试目的： 测试学生运用语言知识的能力。 与05年前相比，位置从第二部分调整到了第四部分；文章从200词增加到了250词左右。,题材:题材广泛,涉及科技、政治、经济、教
3、育、日常生活、法律、农业、语言、环境、科普等各方面。 体裁: 以说明文为主,间或有议论文。 考点:主要考查语法、词汇、修辞等语言知识,如词的误用、搭配错误、时态错误、语态错误、非谓语动词错误、句式错误、语义衔接或语篇逻辑错误等。,Direction on the exam paper The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passa
4、ge and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word: mark the position of the missing word with a “ sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end
5、of the line. For an unnecessary word: cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/“ and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.,Analysis of the test item II,Major types of errors 语法错误 (1) 名词错误: 名词的单复数,可数与不可数名词,名词近义词,名词与动词、形容词等词性的转换等方面。,例1: and brought the birth rate to a twentieth c
6、entury new height after more than a hundred years of steady decline, height high (高水准,高记录) e.g. The price reached a new high.,例2: Those whose jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities that are quiet and peacefulfar from the madding crowd, far from client and business
7、associates. client clients,例3: These give the concentrations on three main pollutantsozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide concentrations concentration concentration 作可数名词可表示 “集中物,集结物,密集(的东西)”等,如concentrations of enemy troops。而这里指将 “注意力集中”在三种主要的污染物,因此为抽象名词,用单数。,例4: From the 1940s through the e
8、arly 1960s, Americans married at a higher rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. Europe European,语法错误 (2),动词错误: 与动词相关的错误所占比例很大,主要有时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词、情态动词等方面的错误。而其中分词的用法错误尤其值得注意。,例1: We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in
9、 our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of went go 这里叙述的是人类如何学习发音的过程,是描述一般事实的句子,因此用一般现在时态go即可。,例2: This power is usually delegated to committeeseither standing committees,or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. consisted consisting,例3: bu
10、t the government had no wish to become involving. involving involved 例4: But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinctions. misled misleading,例5: Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. can must 此处应该为 “必须,不得不”而非 “可以,可
11、能”。,语法错误 (3),代词错误: 代词可分为人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词,以及连接主从句的连接代词、关系代词等。代词容易发生错误的地方主要是人称、性、数、格等方面,同时指代的范围、量等也是难点。,例1: There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. its their (此处为investigations),例2: their marriages remained
12、intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. that those 此处意思为those marriages of couples,例3: young animals compared with the human infants they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them. them themselves,例4: our own handwriting is something
13、 which we almost always know. which that 当先行词为something, everything, nothing, little, few, all等不定代词时,引导定语从句的关系代词应该是that。,语法错误 (4),形容词和副词错误: 主要涉及形容词、副词的比较等级(同级比较、比较级、最高级)方面的内容, 形容词、副词的词义的混乱以及修饰性错误等。,例1: From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than
14、 their European counterparts. high higher,例2: The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. increasing increasingly 例3: and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. firstly first 作副词时, firstly的意思是“首先,第一”等,表示列举;而first则有 “第一次,初次”之意。,语法错误 (5
15、),限定词错误: 简单地讲,限定词就是指位于名词前,对名词起到限定作用的词。它们起着特指、泛指、定量和不定量的限定作用。限定词主要有以下几类词充当:冠词,数量词,物主代词,名词所有格,不定代词,疑问词等。八级考试经常考察冠词,数量词和某些不定代词的误用。,冠词的误用,冠词的误用除了出现在对限定的特指与泛指方面外,往往还要涉及到其它一些词类的用法,如名词的单复数以及可数不可数等。,例1: Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. public the public t
16、he + adj. 表示一类人, 此处为“公众” 例2: after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”. 去掉 steady 前的a decline 表示“下降”的动作过程,是不可数名词,例3: A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have “less meaning”, 去掉most前的the (most 此处并非最高级形式,是修饰obvious
17、的副词,意思为“非常,十分”) 例4: we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. 在healthier前加a (diet作“饮食”意思时用作可数名词,如on a diet吃规定的饮食,节食),数词的误用,数词容易出错的地方有基数词、序数词、分数、百分数以及涉及数词的一致问题;而表示量的概念则要涉及到其它一些词类,如名词和某些不定代词等。,例1: The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the
18、 Poles and on mountains. quarter quarters 例2: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. number deal (obscurity是抽象名词,不可数),不定代词的误用,不定代词是我们学习时比较难把握的,这主要是由于其指代的范围和量难以把握,常见的如every, some, no以及它们与-thing, -body, -one构成的合成词: all, both, each, little (a little, less, least), few (a
19、few, fewer, fewest), other (s), the other, another以及表示 “大量的”之意的限定词或者词组,如many, much, a lot of, a number of, a great deal of等。,例1: When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, 在any infant 中间加other(否则表示任何的/所有的婴儿,包括前面所提到的那个) 例2: Of
20、the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. fewer less (从上下文看, the remaining fraction指的是水,不可数),语法错误 (6),连词错误: 连词有并列连词和从属连词两种。前者可以表示并列、递进、对比、转折、因果等多种关系,如and, but, so, for等。从属连词引导从句,充当主句中的
21、一个成分,可以表示时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、让步等。连词误用的原因主要是没有弄清连词前后成分之间的逻辑关系,使用了错误的连词,或者遗漏。,例1: One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously. and while/whereas/but/yet 这里前后是一种对比关系,不是并列关系,例2: Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-g
22、atherers calories come from plants. and or 这里应该指“或”,所以用or,例3: This is what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him rise. therefore but 上下文表明,他尽管想要起身离开,但是考虑到礼节礼貌,还是身不由己。,例4: A rough and ready differenceis that grammatical words have “less mean
23、ing”, but in fact some grammarians have called them “empty” words as opposed to the “full” words of vocabulary. but and 前后内容之间,只是并列关系,后一句是对前一句的进一步解释说明。,语法错误 (7),介词错误: 英语中的独立介词数量不多,但是它们与名词等可以构成丰富的合成介词或者介词短语,还可以跟在动词、形容词等后面构成大量的动词短语和形容词短语等。因此,涉及到介词的错误相当广泛,几乎可以确定的说,介词方面的改错题每年都会出现。其主要有两种题型:介词的意义错误和搭配性错误。
24、,例1: but in central London winter sunshine has increased about 70% since 1958. 在increased后加by 表示 “增长,增加,上升”或者“减少、下降”的程度或数量时,应该用介词by,例2: If he did not care of his guests feeling he would simply get up out of his chair and announce his departure. care of care about care of 指 “喜欢”; care about 指 “在乎,关心”
25、,例3: An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, in on on average 是固定搭配,意为“平均”,例4: Plant foods provide for 60% to 80% of the Kung diet, for删除 provide 本身就是及物动词,例5: and in rare occasions, to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings. in on onoccasion (s) 在场合,机会,例6: Large numbe
26、rs of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like with of be (un)conscious of 为固定表达,例7: The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods. as like 此处并非“作为”, 而
27、是“像一样”,词意及搭配错误,考察的词汇往往不是难懂的生僻词汇,而是我们较为熟悉但可能只是一知半解的常用词,这类错误主要有两种情况,一是意义混淆,二是搭配不当,涉及到的词类很多,如名词、动词、形容词、代词、介词、副词等。从错误类型看,又有以下几种情况。,词义或词形相近,例1: Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British monitoring network has been made available to the public by the Department of the Environments Air Quant
28、ity Bulletins. Quantity Quality 例2: As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a planet. face surface,例3: the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set price. total full full “有充分的,最高的,满的”之意, full authority 即是“全权”, 而total的意思是“总共的,总计的,
29、全体的” 。,例4: his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise. raise rise 例5: He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. post posture “摆姿势”为hold a posture; hold a post 意思是“拥有职位”,例6: Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appo
30、inted a board of grain supervisors life living 例7: We learn quite early to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different communityperhaps only a few miles far. far away,搭配错误,例1: But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words f English, mea
31、n means by no means 为固定搭配,表示 “绝非”, by means of 通过手段, by this/that means 用这种/那种手段,例2: But size is by no means a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. as前加such 例3: This is the first act he would make if he
32、were rising. make perform/do perform/do an act 意思为 “做出动作”,例4: This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun. let let alone (更不用说),例5: Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conduc
33、ting investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies of issues. (两处) rely rely on; make out make 例6: these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 删除 of despite = in spite of,例7: To handle with the crop of 1919, 去掉 with 或将 handle 换成 deal, 意思都为“处理,对付”等
34、 例8: the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. in to toextent 到程度,句法错误,句法错误体现在单句内部时,是句子的某些成分或者句子结构出现错误,比如某个成分的残缺或者冗余,某个成分构成的错误,主谓不一致等。而在并列句或复合句中,这些错误主要是出现在单句之间,或者主、从句之间的关系方面,比如连接词、关系词的误用、缺损或者多余,主从句结构错误等。,主谓不一致,主谓一致一般遵循两个基本原则,即语法一致和意义一致。所谓语法一致是指主语和谓语在性、数、人称、时态等方面严格按
35、语法关系确定。意义一致是指谓语的形式与主语的语法形式没有太大关系,而与其意义有关,所谓“就近原则”就属于这一类。,例1: provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. have has neither做主语时谓语动词应该用单数 例2: For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be “species specific” to the human race, be is suggest 这里的意思不是 “建议
36、”而是“认为”, 从句不用虚拟语气,成分残缺,例1: and their blood cholesterol level are very low (about half of the average American adult, half 后加that 在half 后缺少了一个比较的对象,应添加一个替代成分that 例2: His urge to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest, be前加to,成分冗余,例1: Less noted but equally more significant, the me
37、n and women who formed families betweenreduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak; 去掉more 例2: practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend hearing even our difficult English spelling. per 和 every 保留一个即可,例3: It had happened too often
38、that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, soon 和 shortly 保留一个 例4: The earths supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant in quantity. quite 和 fairly 保留一个,并列句或主从复合句结构错误,例1: The information features in television and radio weather reports, appear
39、s in many national and local newspapers. appears 前加 and appear和前面的features是并列谓语,所以必须用连词and连接,并列成分之间不使用连词等连接手段在英语中是不允许出现的。,例2: As we all know, life would only be possible on the surface of a planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. planet 和 had之间添加that或which(定语从句) 例3: This is “natural”, t
40、herefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; This It 这里It 用作形式主语,用以代替真正主语that 引导的从句,语篇错误,重点看两点: 忽略整体考虑而出现相反意思的表达,以及由于错误使用了关联词而导致逻辑关系的混乱。要避免此类错误,应该做到不仅注意局部,也要关注句与句甚至段与段之间的关系,从而把握全局。,语义相反,例1: Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last thirty years. Total
41、emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85% since 1950. risen dropped/decreased 例2: Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. pay draw/call/attract,衔接错误 (句际,段际),例1: Less noted
42、but equally significant, the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak; nevertheless also 如单从这一句看并无错误,但联系上一段的内容就会发现,上一段是说20世纪40年代一直到60年代,美国人比欧洲人的结婚率要高,结婚年龄更轻。所以这一句讲的是另一方面的内容,相对于前文,是递进关系,而非转折关系。,例2: Since the United States maint
43、ained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur to the same extent in Europe. Since Although/While 此句之前讨论的是美国的离婚率下降,而本句则是通过与欧洲人相比进一步肯定了美国的离婚率下降的事实,尽管美国的离婚率世界第一。所以这里是转折或对比关系,而不是因果关系。,例3: Wheat prices were generally low in t
44、he autumn, so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. so but 从上下文知道,农民们为了按时偿还债务,尽管秋季小麦价格走低,但他们仍然不能坐等市场好转。所以此句应该是转折,而非因果关系。,例4: The total quantity of water is not known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. and though,Case Stud
45、y,TEM8-2009 TEM8-2010 TEM8-2011,Problems and suggestions,http:/ 我郁闷了，真的是改不出来各位帮帮我啊，真希望最后能做对4个或者5个，可是我现在只能对1个或者2个，而且对改错毫无办法 专八改错是专门用来考验人的心理素质的嘛？ 哎 请问大家有什么好的办法啊，最好是经过实践了的谢谢了 才开始基本上都是一两个，通常考试能做到六到七个，就不错了。 专八改错，通常错误，都是固定的，要么是同义词用错，谓语单复数，介词，固定搭配等，具体方法，可把模拟试卷或真题上的改错统计出来，归类，这样会有不错的效果。我当初就是这样做的，最后改错对了六个。 祝好
46、运！,Suggestions for improvement,http:/ 作题步骤 第一步：通读全文，了解大意，同时改正明显错误；（有的错误很明显，比如短语搭配on some occasions 不是 in） 第二步：逐句分析，个个击破， 没有把握暂时不做；（没有把握的不要乱做，到最后整体把握时做） 第三步：整体把握，平均用力，十大错误助你高分。（最后整体把握 看看十大错误还有哪些没有用上，尽量从没有用过的错误角度考虑）,十大错误根据笔者对专业八级改错题的分析，发现十大经典错误，如能正确运用，必将助你一臂之力。 1、一致问题 2、时态语态语气问题 3、非谓语动词问题 4、形容词与副词问题 5、易混词与反义词问题 6、赘述省略平行问题 7、介词冠词问题 8、定语问题 9、搭配错误 10、衔接错误,Supplementary exercise,
