1、 动词及动词时态时态1） 一般现在时用法：1 用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有 from time to time ，everyday, often, always, once a week, seldom, usually 等时间状语。She is our teacher of English.2 真理和客观事实。Light travels faster than sound.3 有计划的动作，常用 come, leave, begin , come , go , leave , start , stop , arrive , return , open
2、, close 等动词。Class begins at eight in the morning.4在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如 the moment/the minute ，when, if, before, as soon as, unlessIf you dont go soon,youll be late5.动作正在发生，用在由 here, there 等开首的句子中，表示现在正在发生。There goes the bell.6.表示主语的习惯特征，性格，能力等。He studies very hard.7.一般的说明文字等。The book says th
3、at women can live longer than men.2）一般过去时1 表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和明确的时间状语连用。比如yesterday , yesterday morning/afternoon/evening , last week/month/year , in 1990 , two years ago，at that time; once 等She went out just now.I saw him yesterday.2 表示过去经常发生的动作。Last month she worked eleven hours every day.He u
4、sed to get up early.3.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise3)一般将来时1 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。比如 tomorrow , tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening,next week/month/year 等I shall not be free tonight.2 表示将来经常发生的动作。We will go for an outing every other e ,go , start , move ,sail , leav
5、e , travel 等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.4.“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中 and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.5.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，永一般现在时表示将要发生的事。如：If you go to the party,youll have a great time.6.除了 will+动词原形（注意：当主语是第一人称 I 或 we 时，可用助动词 shall。 ）表示将来动作的其他形式a. be g
6、oing to+ 动词原形 用于主观意图，打算，目的；Im going to write him a letter. 用于对客观事物的判断（多用于自然现象） ；Its going to rain this afternoon. 用于条件状语从句中表将来；If youre going to see the film,youd better come early.b. be to+动词原形计划将要发生的事，命令或禁止，预测或注定；The sports meeting is to take place soon.c. be about to+动词原形马上或立即要发生的事，一般不用时间状语，但 be
7、about towhen 是固定搭配，“刚一就.”4)过去将来时1 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。I didnt expect that so many people would offer their help.2 也可用 was/were to+动词原形或 was/were about to+动词原形或 was/were going to+动词原形表示过去将来时。I was about to leave when the telephone rang.5)现在进行时1 表示正在进行的动作。What are you doing now?2 表示即将发生的动作.She is
8、leaving tomorrow.3 表示现阶段正在进行的动作.More and more people are giving up smoking.4 表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作,常表示不满,抱怨,赞赏等.She is always finding fault with others.注意：表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词，如 hope , smell , hear , see , like 等和非延续性动词（die , arrive , close , become , come , fall , leave , go , lose ,give , jump , join , buy ,
9、borrow , start , begin 等）一般不用进行时态。如：But I dont like physics.Its too difficult.6)过去进行时1. 过去某一时刻在进行的动作经常需要表示过去的时间状语This time yesterday, they were having lunch.2.过去进行时常与一般现在时配合，互为时间背景I was writing a letter when he came.The telephone rang while she was washing.3.过去反复的动作，常同 always, frequently, continuall
10、y 等连用They were frequently going there.)将来进行时表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，常表示安排好的事They will be discussing the problem this time next week.表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的动作The train will not be leaving until one oclock.8)现在完成时1. 表示动作刚刚完成.I have finished that work.2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响.Who has opened the door?3. 表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在并且
11、可能会延续下去.He has worked in the company since he came to the city.4.表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China常见的时间状语：for + 时间段；since + 时间点；lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, in
12、the past few years；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries注意：非延续性动词不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，要把动词或时间状语作适当调整，句子才能合理。句子才能合理。不可以说：The old man was died for three years.但可以说：The old man died three years ago.The old man has been dead for three years.It is
13、 three years since the old man died.9)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作 （by+过去的时间点；up till+过去的时间点，before+去过的时间点 ）By the end of 2002,the factory had produces 200000cars.表示在过去某一时间开始一直延续到另一个过去的时间的动作The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 2002.3.动词 think,want,hope,mean,paln 用过去完成时表示去过未曾实现的想法
14、，希望，打算，意图。注：当含有由 before, after, as soon as 等引导的复合句中，侧重表示动作的一先一后，主句和从句一般都用一般过去时After he closed the door,he left the room过去完成时常用于 no sooner+过去完成时 +than 和 hardly/ scarcely|+过去完成时+when；It was the first time that+过去完成时等句型，从句用一般过去时He had hardly got on the train when the train started out.10)将来完成时表示将来某一时刻或
15、某一行为发生之前所完成的动作或这一动作仍在持续常和 by+将来时间；等连用By the end of this term, we shall have learned 18 lessons.）现在完成进行时表示从过去某时一直持续到现在的一个动作It has been snowing since last Sunday.重复的动作表示感情色彩Shes been saying that twenty times.已结束的动作所产生的影响You have been cleaning the classroom, I think.）过去完成进行时表示过去某时以前一直进行的一个动作这一动作可能在这一时间
16、前刚结束或仍在进行.No one knew what this dad egg had been doing all this years.Exercise1. -where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.-I _ it right here, but now its gone.A. did you put; have put B. have you put; putC. had you put; have put D. were you putting; have put2. -When _ again?-When he _, Ill let
17、you know.A. he comes; come B. will he come; will comeC. havent known; are D. will he come; comes3. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.A. had enjoyed B. was enjoyingC. enjoyed D. had been enjoying4. Come in, Peter. I want to show you
18、something.-Oh, how nice of you! I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A. never think; are going B. never thought; were goingC. didnt think; were going D. had been broken into; stolen5. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been sto
19、lenC. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen6. We could have walked to the station. It was so near.- Yes, taxi _ at all necessary.A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. serves D. served7. If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now
20、.A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. was slipping; looked 8. The last time I _ Jane she _ cotton in the fields.A. had seen; was picking B. saw; pickedC. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking9. In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A.
21、is serving B. is served C. serves D. served10. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think; lost B. thought; had lostC. think; had lost D. had they known; got11. Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 9568442.A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant12. Helen _her keys in the of
22、fice so she had to wait until her husband _home.A. has left; comes B. left; had comeC. had left; came D. had left; would come13. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out14. They _ the train until it disappeared in
23、 distance.A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed15. - Sorry, Joe. I didnt mean to- Dont call me “Joe”. Im Mr. Parker to you, and _ you forget it!A. do B. didnt C. did D. dont16. News reports say peace talks between the two countries _ with no agreement reached.A. have broken down B. have broken ou
24、t C. have broken in D. have broken upKEY:15: BDABD 610:AADBB 1116:ADDBDAMultiple choices:1. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have hears from her by now.A. hasnt written B. doesnt writeC. wont write D. hadnt written2. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is makingC. was making
25、 D. makes3. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market,_ some bananas anf visited her cousin.A. bought B. buyingC. to buy D. buy4. The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A. will rain B. rainsC. rained D. is raining5. -We havent heard of Jane for a long a time.-What do you suppose _to
26、 her?A. was happening B. to happenC. has happened D. having happened6. -Do you know our town at all?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. was B. have beenC. came D. am coming7. - You havent said a word about my new coat, do you like it?- Im sorry, I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pr
27、etty on you.A. wasnt saying B. dont sayC. wont say D. didnt say8. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ officer soon.A. leave B. would leaveC. left D. had left9. I _ pingpong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have playedC. played D. play10.
28、He will have learned English for eight year by the time he _from the university next year.A. will graduate B. will have graduatedC. graduates D. is to graduate11. Tom _ back from France. Yesterday he _ about it.A. just comes; told B. has just come; told meC. came just; was told me D. just has come;
29、was telling12. He said, “_ much sand in the south of France.”A. There arent B. It isntC. It wasnt D. There isnt13. You shall have some ice-cream when you _ you dinner.A. finished B. finishC. will finish D. will be finished14. Thomas could fix your car. That _ you quite a lot of money.A. saved B. has
30、 savedC. would save D. was saving15. “Come back at 5 oclock,” he said, “Ive already _.”A. will be done B. has been doneC. is being done D. was being done16. Maria hasnt visited her home in Spain _.A. for many years B. since many yearsC. many years since D. many years ago17. When _ the car, youll agr
31、ee with me about it.A. you saw B. youve seenC. you would see D. has been seen18. By next Saturday Tom _ a whole month without smoking a cigar.A. will go B. will have gone C. has gone D. has been going19. By the time he reached the dentist, the pain in his tooth _.A. stopped B. had stoppedC. Has stop
32、ped D. as been stopped20. The old man _ for three days when his son got back home.A. has been dead B. had been dead C. died D. had diedKEY:15: ACABC 610:BDBDC 1115:BDBCA 1620:ABBBB被动语态表示“据说“或“相信“ 的词组，基本上由 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand 等组成。例如
33、： It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that 大家相信 It is hoped that 大家希望It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that 大家认为It is suggested that 据建议 It is taken granted that 被视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remember that 务必记住的是. 不用被动语态的情况 1）当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物动词时，不用被动语态。这样的
34、及物动词有 have, become, cost, reach, sell, arrive, fit, lack, contain, hold, own, suit 等。如：We have a good teacher. 我们有一位好老师。My shoes dont fit me. 我的鞋不合脚。Jack always lacks confidence. 杰克总是缺乏信心。The classroom holds 80 students. 这间教室容纳 80 个学生。2）及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语时，都没有被动语态。如：The boy taught himself Englis
35、h. 这男孩自学英语。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。They live a happy life. 他们过着一个幸福的生活。She dreamed a bad dream last night. 昨天晚上她做了一个噩梦。3）有些及物动词或动词短语也不用被动语态。这样的动词和短语有 marry, wish, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。如：
36、The accident happened last night. 事故发生在昨天晚上。I agree with you. 我同意你的意见。4）当谓语动词是连系动词、不及物动词或相当于不及物动词的动词短语时，不用被动语态。这样的动词有 appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, die, disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, stand, break
37、 out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place 等。如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火后，我房子里所剩无几。 A few minutes later, the man appeared. 几分钟后，那个人出现了。. 主动形式表示被动意义 1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell 等。例如：The book sells w
38、ell. 这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build 等。例如：I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。3） 在 need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。This book
39、is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见 /理解自己）等。例如：Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。. 被动形式表示主动意
40、义，如 be determined, be pleased, be occupied（in ）, get married 等。例如：He is determined to work hard. 他决定努力工作。注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry sb. 或 get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。He got married to a rich girl.其实我们不妨把下面这样一些被动结构，当作固定词组来记：be armed with(掌握了) ，be attached to(依恋上)，be burdened wit
41、h (担负着),be buried in(致力于，专心于)， be concerned with/about (关心)，be convinced of(相信)，be dressed in (穿着)，be equipped with(配备了)， be located(位于)，be lost in(陷入，迷路)，be occupied in/with(忙于)，be seated(就座)，be crowded with(挤满了)，be covered with(覆盖着)，be filled with(充满了)等等。. “be + 过去分词“ 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,
42、look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。例如：Im interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他看起来对他的工作不满意。 . 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do
43、you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit ，hard ，difficult，important ，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA ar
44、e not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed3. - _ the sports meet might be put off- Yes，
45、it all depends on the weatherA Ive been told B Ive toldC Im told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B.
46、are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designedB. had been designedC. was designedD. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set upD. were taken place; wer
