1、1模块八 动词的被动语态(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词 be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的 by 短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：现在时态一般现在时现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时谓语动词构 成amis +p.p.areamis
2、 +being+p.p.arewill + be+p.p.amis +going to+ be + p.p.arehave(has) +been+p.p.过去时态一般过去时过 去 进 行 时过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时谓语动词构 成was +p.p.werewas+being+p.p.werewould +be+p.p.was +going to+be+p.p.werehad +been+p.p.注 p.p.表示过去分词。(1) 被动语态的用法： 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略 by 短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个
3、人死于事故 ) This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略 by 短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻 )A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里2将要修建一条铁路)强调动作的承受者,句尾加 by 短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书) 是鲁迅写的 )A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀
4、的)(2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态：主动句： 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语( 人/ 物) + 其他 + 状语(动作的执行者) (各种时态形式) (动作的承受者) 被动句： 主语(人/物) + 谓语( 及物动词) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 状语(动作的承受者) (be +过去分词 ) (动作的执行者) (3) 注意点：“动词+间接宾语+ 直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary. He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典他
5、得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用 to 或者 for 引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary. A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite. A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)“动词+宾语+ 动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加 to.如：The boss made the poo
6、r man work 12 hours a day. The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作 12 小时这个可怜人被迫一天工作 12 小时)“动词+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。3如：The girl takes good care of her little brother. The girls little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：He is pleased
7、 / worried / tired /.(系表 )(他高兴/焦虑/ 疲劳)He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / .(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/ 关照/射中)1、含双宾语的主动语态的转换：可用其中任何一个宾语作主语，但用直接宾语作主语时，被动语态句子中的原间接宾语前要加必要的介词(多数加 to, 个别加 for)。如：(1)My grandpa gave me a ball as the birthday present. I was given a ball as the birthday present (by my grandpa).或A ba
8、ll was given to me as the birthday present.(2)His aunt bought him a dictionary. He was bought a dictionary by his aunt. 或 A dictionary was bought for him by his aunt.2、含复合宾语的主动语态的转换：变为被动语态时，宾补要保留，但当宾补是不带 to 的不定式时，必须加上 to. 如：(1) They call him Lao Zhang. He is called Lao Zhang. (2)I often hear her sin
9、g English songs.She is often heard to sing English songs.注：被动语态的记忆口诀被动语态强调“宾”，用 be 加上“过去分”。“be”要随着主语变，人称时态要弄准。“行为对象”作主语，逻辑主语“by”来引。原句若是双宾语，一变“主”来一保“宾”。“间宾”要把主语变，原来“直宾”还是“宾”。直宾”要把主语变， “间宾”前加“to”最称心。唯有原“宾”是“复合”，只有变宾要当心。4原句“宾补”变“主补”，位置不必挪寸分。情态动词变“被动”，情态加 be 加过分。如若“情态”后带 to，变后有 to 才弄准。“短语动词”变“被动”，相当“及物”莫疑心。不过其后“介”或“副”，变后还得要承认。
