1、1现在完成时现在完成时用法1 、现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。例如:I have already posted the photo.我已经把照片寄走了。强调 post 对现在的影响“照片不在这里” 。2、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be 动词表示) ,常与 for(+ 时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用.谓语动词必须是延续性动词。例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来,他一直
2、住在这儿。(动作起始于 1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)注意:for 和 since 的用法。for+时段 为时间since+ 过去一个时间点(译为:自从以来)since+ 时段+agosince+ 从句(过去时)It is+时段+since+ 从句(过去时)练习:用 for, since 及 how long 填空1. The wind has blown ( ) 2 hours.2. The dog has stayed there ( ) it ate its dinner.3. ( ) has the old man lain in bed?4. The teache
3、r has thought about the problem ( ) yesterday.5. The horse has run ( ) quite a long time.6. The ducks have swum ( ) thirty minutes.7. The poor child has worn the old clothes ( ) 7 years old.注:瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose)不能直接与 for 或 since 引导的时间段连用。要改变成延续性动词。 变化如下:come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be o
4、ut finish-be over open-be open die-be dead Buy-have Fall ill-be ill Come back-be back Put on -be on/wear Worry-be worried Catch a cold-have a cold现在完成时常见考法现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如 already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently,still, lately,never 等.例如:He has already finished the work常见考法对于现在完成时的考查,
5、多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境2中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时,或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。典型例题 1:His father_the party since 1978A.joind B.has joined C.was in D.has been in误区提醒一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别是我们要注意的地方。要牢记:一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如: yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 jus
6、t ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since , for 等表示一段时间的状语连用。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。典型例题 1: _ you _ your homework yet ?Yes . I _ it a moment ago .A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; D. have finished现在完成时连用的时间状语现在完成时是一个与过去和现在
7、都有关系的时态,因此,具有这样时间特点的状语都可以与现在完成时连用。1. 与表示一段时间的状语连用,如“for+时间段“,“since+时间点“。如:We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市已生活了 40 多年。We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个城市里。从以上两个例句我们可以看出,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词常为 stay, live, teach, learn, work, sleep, read, wait, keep 等具有延续意
8、义的动词。2. 与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用,如 already, never, ever, just 等。如:Ive just found this library book. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice. 她唱得多美啊!我还从来没听到过比这更优美的歌喉。3. 与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如 lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so
9、 far 等。如:How have you been recently? 你近来状况如何?The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years. 那位著名的作家在过去两年时间里写了一本新书。Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗 ?The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far. 迄今为止,布朗一家已经参观了中国的许多地方。注意:现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday,
10、last week, in 2002, three days ago 等have been to 与 have gone to 区分例:我去过北京。I have gone to Beijing.3答案:I have been to Beijing.解析:“have been to+地点“ 是表示曾去过某地,但此刻不在那儿(即在说话的地方) 。而“have gone to+地点“ 是表示去某地了,此刻在路上或已经到了那个地方(即不在说话的地方) 。注意:这两个句式后接副词时,需省 to。E.g. He has gone there.练习:1. Jenny is well-traveled. Sh
11、e has _ to Germany twice.2. Jane isnt in now. She has _ to the office. Can I take a message?3. My father is a successful businessman. Hes _ to many countries.4. Its a dangerous place. Nobody has ever _there.5. The manager has _to Beijing. He will be back tomorrow.6. The tiger of the zoo is missing.
12、None of us knows where it has_.一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,因此它不可以和确切的表示过去的时间状语连用。请比较:Mr Green has read the book three times .格林先生已经把这本书读了三遍了。 (说明对这本书有印象,有所了解。 )Mr Green read the book yesterday.格林先生昨天读了这本书。 (只说明他昨晚的一个动作。 有些时间状语如
13、this morning , tonight , this month 等,既可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时,但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。They have got the message this March .他们三月已经得知了这个消息。 (讲话时仍然是四月份。 )They got the message this March.他们三月份得知的这个消息。 (讲话时四月份已过) 。4They have solved two problems this afternoon.他们今天下午已经解决了两个问题。 (讲话时仍然是下
14、午) ,They solved two problems this afternoon.今天下午他们解决了两个问题。 (讲话时下午已过)天看了这本书这一事实,强调看书的动作在昨天发生的。句型转换。 1、He has never surfed, ?(改成反意疑问句) 2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) have they been here? 3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) (动词填空) 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
15、This factory _ for twenty years. 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago. 6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句) Her mother _ the Party three years _ . 7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _