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代词Pronoun.ppt

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1、,代词Pronoun,代词体系:人称代词(Personal Pronoun),物主代词(Possessive Pronoun),反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun),相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun),指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun),疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun),关系代词(Relative Pronoun),不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun),一:代词及其先行项的“数”的一致,代词和物主限定词单、复数形式的选择通常取决于它们的指代对象 即 先行项的单、复数形式。例如:The woman in the com

2、mittee expressed their opinion forcefully.I recognized one of the girls,but I didnt speak to her. 1先行项为every-,some-等复合词时的代词的选择 当先行项为everyone,everybody,no one,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone, somebody 等复合词时,代词以及相应的限定词通常按照语法一致的原则用单数形式,例如 If anyone calls,tell him Ill be back later. Everybody talked at th

3、e top of his voice. 但是在非正式用语体中,也可以根据意义一致的原则,用复数代词。例如No one could have blamed themselves for that.尤其是当先行项为everybody,everyone时,其后用复数代词还比较自然。例如:Everyone was clapping their hands.当先行项为时,随后的代词以及相应的限定词一般只按照语法一致的原则用单数形式。例如:Anything on the table can thrown away,cant it?,2当先行项为某些并列结构时 代词的选择 当先行项为某些并列结构时,一般根据

4、该并列结构的单、复数意义来决定代词以及相应限定词的单、复数形式。例如:My friend and roommate agreed to lend me his car. My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend me their cars. 3当先行项为某些集体名词时 代词的选择 当先行项为某些集体名词时,随后的代词以及相应的限定词依该集体名词用语何种意义而定。例如:The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking practice shots at th

5、e basket. 4当先行项为“复数名词或代词+each”时 代词的选择 当先行项为复数名词或代词作句子主语 并带有each作同位语时,如果each出现在动词之前,随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用复数;如果each位于动词之后,随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用单数。例如:They each had their problems. They had each his own problem.,二:代词及其先行项的“性”的一致,“性”(Gender)是个语法范畴,它表示性别的特殊语法形式。 英语名词有四个性,阳性(Masculine Gender)如 man father son;阴性(Femino

6、ne Gender)如woman mother wife ;中性(Neuter Gender )如book desk car ;通性(Common Gender)如student teacher doctor。 1当先行项为阳性或阴性名词时,代词以及相应的限定词分别用阳性或阴性。例如:The boy is brightest in the class.All the teacher like him. Mother is not quite herself today.She may have caught a cold. 2通性名词 如 baby,child,doctor等,既可以是男性,也

7、可以是女性。这类名词以其单数形式表示类指时,通常用阳性代词或相应的限定词来指代。例如:An instructor should offer his student chanllenging projects.若要避免这种用法,可以将例句中的his替换为their.在法律书文等正式语体中,还可以用he or she ,his or her 来指代单数通性名词。例如,An instructor should offer his or her student chanllenging projects.但是,he or she,his or her,不宜在同一片文章中出现多次,否则将违反”简练“原则

8、。为了避免频繁使用he or she ,his or her,也可以改用复数代词或者避免使用代词。 当先行项为未知性别,baby,child,等通性名词,可以用中性代词it 当通性名词表示特指含义时,随后的代词以及相应的限定词必须根据上下文所表示的具体性别选用适当的形式。例如 A student at Barnard College has to do her own work.( Barnard College是女子大学),先行项为中性名词时 代词的选择,当先行项为单数中性名词,即表示无生命的名词时,代词以及相应的限定词通常用中性(it,its,itself)。例如:That book ha

9、s lost its cover.I will put a new one on it tomorrow. Have you received my letter?It was posted a month ago. 但是,如果说话人带感情色彩,也可以用阴性或阳性代词指代中性物,如船员常用she称呼ship:The sailors saw a ship in the distance.She was sailing toward the rocky island.又如人们常称呼自己喜爱的汽车为she或her: A:Hows your new car?B:Terrific.Shes going

10、like a bomb.汽车的女主人也可能称汽车为he或 him:The car needs some petrol.Lets fill him up at the next station. 如果先行项为动物名称,通常用中性代词来指代,但是若说话人带有感情色彩,或者把动物拟人化,可用阳性或阴性代词。 当先行项为表示天体名称或某些抽象概念的名词时,代词或相应的限定词用中性,但是若说话人带有感情色彩或把这些无生命物拟人化,也可以用he she,依习惯而定。 当先行项为国家名词时,如果仅视为地理名词,代词或相应的限定词用中性,但若视为政治实体或者说话人带感情色彩,代词或相应的限定词用阴性。Chin

11、a is in East Asia.It is one of the largest countries in the world. In the last decade of the 20th century,China began to assume her role as a world power.,三:代词及其先行项的“人称”一致,“人称”(Person)也是一种语法范畴,它表示所指意义的语法形式。英语的人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,以及相应的限定词有三种人称:第一人称(First Person)指说话人自己;第二人称(Second Person)指说话的对方,即听话人;第三人称(T

12、hird Person)指谈论的对象。代词的三种人称有各有单、复数形式,还有主格 宾格之分。 人称一致指代词的人称形式必须和它的先行项保持协调。第一,在同一句话以及上下句中,代词和它的先行项必须在人称上保持一致;第二,在语篇中说话人或者写文章的人必须保持人称一致,是第几人称口气说话,必须首尾一贯,1代词及其先行,1在句中,先行项的人称和单、复数决定着代词的人称形式。例如:Jane and I may move to Oklahoma.We hear that the climate there is healthful. You and Lucy can go there by car.You

13、 dont have to walk along with us. 2语篇中的人称一致 在语篇中,说话人或写文章的人也必须保持人称的一致,这就是从什么角度说话的问题:是以当事人的立场说话还是以第三者的立场说话。无论如何,一个语篇在人称上必须首尾一贯。,代词的格(Case),英语的人称代词有三种格:主格(Subjective Case)、宾格(Objective Case)、属格(Genitive Case)也叫物主代词(Possessive Pronoun); 按语法功能分为名词性属格代词(Nominal Genitive Pronoun)包括:mine,yours,his,ours 和限定词

14、性属格代词(Determinative Genitive Pronoun)包括:my,your,his,our等 一般来说,人称代词在句中作主语,用主格;作宾语或介词不足成分,用宾格;表示所属,用属格。例如:She doesnt believe us. They are always making jokes about me.,1用主格还是宾格,a)人称代词在句中作主语,通常要用主格,但是,在非正式语体中,当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语动词的不完全句中作主语时,习惯上用宾格,而不用主格。A:Does any of you know where Tom lives? B:Me b)人称

15、代词在比较分句(Comparative Clause)中作主语,用主格;作宾语,用宾格。例如:He isnt nearly as smart as he . I trust you as much as her. 但是在非正式语体中,人称代词在比较分句中作主语,也可以用宾格。例如:She is prettier than me.特别是当这类人称代词带有all,both作同位语时,通常都用作宾格。He is cleverer than us all. She is taller than them both. c)人称代词在句中作主语补语时,按照传统语法,该用主格。但是在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格

16、。例如:If I were her,I would take the advice. d)当人称代词在分裂句中作中心成分时,常用主格,It is he who did it.但是在非正式语体中,作以上用法的人称代词也用宾格。例如 It was me that did it. 如果作以上用法的人称代词在随后的who-/that-分句中处于宾语地位,则多用宾语。It was him that I sent to collect the money.,e)当句中主语为“everybody/nobody+but/except+人称代词”的结构时,这种人称代词按照传统的语法该用宾格,因为but/exce

17、pt是介词。但是在实际使用中,只要人称代词出现在主语位置上,常用主格.Nobody but she can solve our problems. Everybody except he agreed to our proposal.但是若以上主语被分隔而使“but/except +人称代词”这一介词词组出现在句尾时,则人称代词用宾格:Nobody can solve our problems but her. Everyone agreed to our proposal but him.如果“everybody/nobody+but/except+人称代词”结构用作宾语时,则只能用宾格。,

18、f)在由人称疑问代词who引导的问句或是从属问句中,疑问代词的格依其在句中的地位而定:在正式语体中,作主语用主格;作宾语或是介词补足成分用宾格。例如:Who can solve our problems? I dont know who can solve our problems?但是在非正式语体中,人称疑问代词只要在主语位置上不论作主语还是宾语都可以用主格。例如:Who did you want to nominate? I dont know who you want to nominate? 但若人称疑问代词紧跟介词之后,则只能用宾格。例如:To whom did you send t

19、he parcel? From whom did you receive a letter?,g)在关系代词who引导的分句中,如果作主语的who之后又I believe,I think等插入语,在正式语体中关系代词通常主格。例如:Will you go and see Carlors,who I believe will be glad to help you? She is a woman who people believe may be president of the company some day. h)在由关系代词whoever引导的名词性分句(Nominal Clause)中

20、,该关系代词的格也是依其在分句中的位置而定:作主语,用主格;作宾语或介词补足成分,用宾格。例如:They always elect whoever is popular.如果whoever在不定式之后作补语,一般用宾格。例如:My sympathy is with this poor man,whomever he might be thought to be.,2用宾格还是用属格,a)当带有人称代词作主语的-in分词分句在主句作宾语时,人称代词通常用属格。I want to aviod his/Johns thinking that I dont want to help. I dont m

21、ind their/the girls changing their minds.但是在非正式语体中,作以上用法的人称代词也用宾格。例如:I want to aviod hihim/Johns thinking that I dont want to help. I dont mind them/the girls changing their minds.当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在句中作介词补足成分时,作此种用法既可以用属格也可以用宾格,而以属格居多。例如:I told them about your/you resigning from office. I am surpri

22、sed at his/him making that mistake.但是,当主句带有defer,deny,postpone等作谓语动词时,随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作为分句主语,这种人称代词通常只用属格,不用宾格.,例如:He doesnt deny his breaking the agreement. My failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday.上述这类-ing分词分句如果在主句作主语,十之八九也用属格。例如:His refusing to accept the invitation i

23、s really surprising. b)当人称代词在主句中作宾语,随后又跟有-ing分词分句作补语,这时,人称代词只能用宾格,不用属格。例如:They caught him cheating on the exam. c)当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时,这种作分句主语的人称代词,通常只用宾格,不用属格。例如:Everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.,物主代词,反身代词,人称代词的类指用法,上表为物主代词单复数表,物主代词在句中起名词词组的作用,可以用作主语,主语补语,宾语,介词补足成分以及同位语。 物主代

24、词还可在双重属格结构中作介词of的补足成分。,反身代词,翻身代词即 人称代词的反身形式,有myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,oneself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves.反身代词可用作同位语、宾语、主语补语以及介词补足成分等。可归结为两类,即强调性与非强调性。 作同位语(强调性用法),重读。The manager himself will interviw Lucy.有时为了特别强调,反身代词还出现在主语之前,例如Myself ,I cant come,but Ill ask someone to help you.

25、,b)反身代词作介词补足成分(非强调性用法),不需重读。You think too much of yourself.但是若表示对比意义,需重读(强调性用法),He thinks of himself but not of you.反身代词与某些介词搭配可表示特殊意义,属于强调性用法。The old man lives by himself.,反身代词作宾语,非强调性用法,不需重读。常见“动词+反身代词+副词”的固定搭配中。You must pull yourself together.也见于某些“动词+反身代词+介词”的固定搭配中。Id like avail myself of (利用)th

26、is opportunity to make a request to you.还见于某些成语中He made a nuisance of himself.(令人讨厌)。在某些SVO结构中,反身到此与behave,conduct,deport,等动词搭配表示举止行为的好坏。She always conduct herself like a lady.(举止大方) 在某些SVoO结构中,间接宾语通常用反身代词,而不用相应的人称代词宾格,She made herself a fine dress.,在美国英语的口语中,可用人称代词宾格表示“反身”意义。I brought me a new hat.

27、 在某些以反身代词作宾语的SVOC结构中,其宾语补语有时表示某一动作对自己引起的后果,He drank himself under the table(醉倒在地). 在由“find,hear,catch,+反身代词”构成的SVOC结构中,宾语补语有时表示自己处在某种不自觉的状态。Mr Jones found himself thinking.(不知不觉地沉思起来) 在由“fancy,see+反身代词”构成的SVOC结构中,其宾语补语往往表示一种“想象的”或“仿佛看到的”情景,例如:She still fancies hereself young and beautiful.(自以为仍旧年轻漂亮

28、),d)反身代词的其他用法问题 反身代词作主语补语属于强调性用法,这种用法通常表示身体状况或作并列补语的一部分。Frank is not quite himself today.(身体不适) 在正式语体中,通常不用反身代词单独作主语或者用反身代词作并列主语的一部分。Herself is the cause of the diffculty.(错误)She/She herself is the cause of the diffculty.(正确)但是在非正式语体中,用反身代词作并列主语的一部分还是比较常见的现象。My colleague or myself were will attend t

29、o the work.在非正式语体中,尤其口语中,有时甚至可以单独使用反身代词作主语。例如:Who suffers by his whims(狂想)?Himself always.,“no one but+人称代词”作主语通常用主格。Nobody but I noticed the change. No one but he speaks French here. 如果“but+人称代词”这一结构与nobody/no one分离而出现在句尾,即在宾语的区域,则用宾格。Nobody said anything about it but me/myself. No one speaks French here but him.,人称代词的类指用法,英语中能泛指“人们”的代词有四个,即one,we,you,they。,代词照应,代词照应指通过代词的使用而建立照应关系。分为: 后照应 前照应 语境照应 人称照应 指示照应。注意在一篇文章中的各种照应关系,否则会使文章出现歧义。,

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