1、高中英语 写作课设计及训练,袁辉2010.7.16,当前英语写作教学现状,教师的写作教学状况学生的写作状况,学生写作中的问题,拼写不准确 词性误用(形容词、谓语动词作主语、名词作谓语、介词误用等) 搭配不当 堆砌词汇(动词) 词汇贫乏造成无法表达 缺乏一致性(主谓一致、时态一致等) 句子结构不全 句型错误影响文章的表达 句与句之间、段与段之间缺乏过渡词语,使得文章语意不连贯,条理不清楚 简单句堆砌,句式缺乏变化,写出的词语和句子虽无语法错误,但整篇文章读起来生硬、松散、别扭、不地道,其中中式句子频繁出现是所有学生的共性 存在明显的语际翻译行为 高考中,学生“书面表达”失分的主要原因不是要点不全
2、,而多是不会表达,用英语遣词造句、组句成篇的基本功太差。,写作教学法,1. 结果写作教学法Product approach2. 内容写作教学法Content approach3. 过程写作教学法Process approach4. 体裁写作教学法Genre approach5. 过程体裁教学法 Process-genre approach,结果写作教学,重结果的写作教学模式是一种比较传统的教学模式, 该模式强调语法、句法、词汇和拼写等句子层面上的 教学。 结果教学法的理论基础是行为主义理论 。一般包括以下四个步骤: 1.熟悉范文(familiarization) 2.控制性训练(control
3、led writing) 3.指导性写作(guided writing) 4.自由写作(free writing),内容写作教学,主张从不同渠道(如:阅读、讲座和讨论等)所得到的素材进行综合和分析,教师的作用在于指导和帮助学生获取信息。因而教学的重点在于帮助学生准备写作,丰富其写作内容,而不是教授写作技巧。该模式的操作主要有三个步骤:1.收集信息(写前准备)2.写初稿3.修改,过程写作教学,由Graves(1978)提出,他认为应该提倡教师帮助学生理解 和内化(internalize)写作的全部过程,这包括信息收集,制 定计划,写作阶段,同伴评议,同伴编辑等。注重写作技巧和 能力的培养,强调写
4、作的整个过程。过程教学法不再把重点放 在诸如语法、篇章结构等语言知识上,而是放在制订计划、寻 找素材、撰写草稿、审校等写作过程和技能上。过程教学法理论基础是交际理论 。四阶段教学模式:1.写前准备(prewriting/ brainstorming)2.写作阶段(composing/ drafting)3.修改阶段(revising)4.编辑阶段(editing),头脑风暴 写作法,体裁写作教学,理论依据:体裁理论。Bhatia(1993)指出体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件,是一种内部结构特征鲜明、高度约定俗成的交际事件,在建构语篇时,我们必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求惯例,它使某类语篇具有大体相同的
5、图式结构,而这种图式结构影响着语篇的内容和语言风格的选择。如记叙文和议论文交际目的不同,那么它们各自的图式结构就决定了这两类体裁的语篇内容和语言的选择完全不同。另外,体裁具有常规性、制约性、程序性、重复性、习惯性等特点。体裁的常规性并不是一成不变的,由于文化因素或语篇变量的不同,属于同一体裁的语篇之间存在差异,人们可以在不破坏体裁基本结构的原则下发挥自己的创造力。 体裁教学法在写作教学中具体操作步骤:1.示范分析(modelling) 2.共同协商(joint negotiation of text) 3.独立创作(independent construction of text),四种教学法
6、的优缺点,过程体裁法,R. Badger & G. White提出过程体裁法。他们认为写作应包括语言知识(体现在结果和体裁教学法中),语境知识(体现在体裁教学法中),写作目的(体现在体裁教学法中),写作技巧(体现在过程教学法中)等要素。写作目的、语言知识和语境知识都可以为作者提供足够多的输入,可以使学生有话可说,调动学生的写作潜力,写作技巧的训练可以使学生知道怎么说。,过程体裁教学法的写作过程,过程体裁教学法写作步骤,1.示范分析:这一阶段类似体裁教学法中的范文分析,目的是向学生展示一种体裁的社会交际目的,结构特点和语言特色。通过体裁分析,可以让学生了解到语篇建构由浅层-语言要素,深层-语境要
7、素和写作的交际目的等诸多综合因素构成。 2.模仿分析:通过模仿分析和学生之间的相互协商,使他们对某一体裁内化到其知识结构中。这一阶段类似体裁教学法中的共同协商阶段。 3.技巧培训:可以在这一阶段着重训练某一写作技巧,比如如何撰写主题句等。 4.独立创作:给学生某一题目,根据范文中体裁的知识和技巧培训中的技能来独立完成一篇作文。要求学生写作中有拟定计划、打草稿和修改等写作过程。修改包括自己修改,小组互改和教师批改。,书面表达六步法,一、审题,确定基本要素:5W1H,何 时 何 地 何 人 为 何 如 何 做 了 何 事,书面表达六步法,二、抓要点,确定主要行为,What happened?,书面
8、表达六步法,三、扩展成句,形成基本语义单位,Who did what?,书面表达六步法,四、连句成文,时间 空间 细节 连贯 呼应,书面表达六步法,五、查错改错,要尽量剔除错误,书面表达六步法,六、誊写,卷面不工整扣5分,写作训练,词汇训练 句子训练 段落训练,词汇训练,英语词汇学习难点 加强书写对词汇学习的重要性 加强对词意的理解词义的解释词汇的用法词汇的联系高级词汇的积累,加强词汇的英汉对比教学,英汉两种语言属于不同的语系,它们无论在词汇还是句法上都存在较大差异,学生用英语写作时常受汉语思维影响把汉语中一些词汇或表达方式直接套用到英语中去,产生Chinglish。无论是英语词汇还是汉语词汇
9、在不同的语言环境中都有特定的内涵和外延。一般来说,英语词义比较灵活,词的含义范围比较宽泛,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性较小。汉语词义较窄,较为精确、固定,比较严谨,词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小,独立性较大。教师在词汇教学中要注意避免英汉单词意思的直接对应性,多从英语释义、从该词的语义场、语境出发进行教学,这样学生在写作时就不会逐词套译。,(1)pick flowers采花 pick apples摘苹果pick sbs pocket掏包 pick ones way选择道路pick ones teeth剔牙 pick ones words措辞 pick ones nose挖鼻孔 pi
10、ck ones brains剽窃思想 (2)飞机比火车速度快。 The speed of a plane is faster than that of a train.(higher) A plane is faster than a train. (3)记着往家多写信。 Remember to write home as many/ much as possible. (often) (4)我送你到门口。 Ill send you to the gate. (see) (5)北京的交通越来越拥挤(heavier) Traffic in Beijing is getting more and
11、more crowded. (6)他的身体很健康. His body is very healthy. He is very healthy.,句子训练,对比分析 翻译练习 句式变化,句子对比分析,句子结构对比英语句子讲究“形合”,常以一个主谓结构为主干,以谓语动词为中心,通过大量反映形式关系的动词不定式、分词、介词、连词、关系代副词等把句子其他成分层层搭架,向外扩展,成一种空间图式。汉语句子注重“意合”,主要靠词序变化、上下文语境及言外事实逻辑来达到明晰思路的目的,它的句法被称为“竹竿型”,即节节短句相连,逐层展述。此外,英语是主语突出型,而汉语是主题突出,英语句式为避免头重脚轻常用it作形
12、式主语。再有,汉民族习惯于整体思维,在表达时间、地理位置、介绍人物身份等时,常常先整体后局部,从大到小顺序排列,而英语则以相反词序排列。,英语句子的五种基本句型 主语的确定 (1)英语句子一般都必须有主语 (2)汉语中主语省略情况较普遍 (3)充当主语的种类不同 谓语的选择 (1)汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化 (2)汉语的谓语无时态变化 (3)英语只有动词作谓语,汉语中名词、形容词、数词和介词短语均可作谓语 (4)英语被动式较多,汉语多用主动,(1)你不去,我也不去。 W:You dont go there, I wont, either. R: If you dont go there, I
13、wont, either. (2)今天上午8点到12点,新同学在物理实验室工作。 W:This morning from 8 to 12, the new students were working at the Physical laboratory. R: The new students were working at the physical Laboratory from 8 to 12 this morning. (3)遵守交通规则是很重要的。 W:Obey the traffic rules is important. R:It is important to obey the
14、traffic rules. (4)他八岁时父亲就去世了。 W:At the age of eight, his father died. R:When he was eight, his father died.,There be句型使用不当,(1)There are lots of people enjoy shopping at the supermarket.There are lots of people enjoying shopping at the supermarket. (2)There is a river running through the village.A ri
15、ver runs through the village.,句中介词和名词的使用英汉对比,介词 (1)介词所表达的动作效果 我看见她穿着红衣服。I saw her in red. 他们在吃饭。They are at lunch. (2)介词的否定用法above/ against/ /behind/ beyond/ from/ off等 这个问题我不懂。The question is above me. 他在阅读方面不如班上的其他同学。He is behind the rest of his class in reading. 我们必须保护儿童不受暴力侵犯。We must protect the
16、 children from violence.,名词(抽象名词)(1)人们会意识到忍饥挨饿和衣无蔽体的危机。People will feel the dangers of having no food to eat and no clothes to wear.People will feel the dangers of starvation and exposure.(2)一见到那个孤儿,我就想起他的父母。As soon as I see the orphan, I always think of her parents.The sight of the orphan always re
17、minds me of her parents.(3)由于有了这项发明,人们才对历史有了很多的了解,因为历史是记载在纸上的。As a result of this invention, much is known about history because records were kept on papers.,句子翻译练习,翻译是一种培养语言意识、提高写作能力的有效方法。教师从单词、句法、篇章结构、思维方式和表达习惯等方面进行指导,通过翻译,学生可对比分析汉英两种语言的异同,从而增强中英文思维能力的转换。同时,就阅读材料中出现的语言点进行汉译英练习,每个句子至少用两种以上不同的方法去翻译,
18、尽可能多地应用常见的固定句型进行转换,每个句子尽量做到:主动语态与被动语态、倒装句与强调句,以及简单句与并列句、简单句与复合句、复合句与复合句之间的转换,还可以用不同词组进行替换。一句多译能开阔思路,既训练学生的综合运用知识的能力,又能为表达思想积累丰富的词汇和语言材料。,(1)be动词的使用 (2)非谓语动词的使用 (3)从句的使用 (1)金先生由于腿部受了重伤,很快被送进了医院。Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital. (2)这是因为这位教授得了一种病,以致于无法讲话了,所以,他讲话时只得借助计算
19、机和发音器 。That is because this professor has a disease which prevents him from speaking, so when he speaks he has to use a computer and a voice box.,句式变化,句型转换:(1)句子合并(2)简单句和复合句的转换可以经常训练学生用尽量多的句式来翻译或改写同一个句子,一个句子可以用十余种句式来表达。(3)长短句搭配,避免简单句、流水句等,溶合句(逗号句、流水句),(1)The teacher speaks slowly, his voice is loud,
20、 everyone in the classroom can hear clearly. The teacher speaks slowly, and his voice is so loud that it can be heard clearly by everyone in the classroom. (2)The teacher thought I was a trouble-maker, from the front of the room, he saw that a little boy cheated the kids around him. The teacher thou
21、ght I was a trouble-maker, and all she saw from the front of the room was a little boy who cheated the kids around him.,长短句搭配,避免简单句过多,(1)It was very hot. Both of us sweated a lot. Our clothes soon got wet through. We kept wiping the sweat off our heads and necks. We studied as usual. We read quietly
22、. It was so hot that we sweated a lot an our clothes soon got wet through. We kept wiping the sweat off our foreheads and necks. However we studied as usual, reading quietly. (2)I spent half of my childhood with her in a small village. The village is very beautiful. There are green hills surrounding
23、 the village. I spent half of my childhood with her in a beautiful small village surrounded by green hills.,段落训练,1.段落的构成主题句、支持句(扩展句)、结论句 2.过渡词的应用英语“形合” 汉语“意合”e.g. 我们不应该把时间浪费在玩游戏上,应该花在学习上。We should not waste our time on computer games. We should spend time on studies.Instead of wasting it on computer
24、 games, we should spend our time on studies. 3.加强语篇分析,Yesterday I got up at 7:00. I got dressed and washed myself quickly. I rushed into the dining-room. My mother was preparing breakfast. I had my breakfast at 7:30. I got on my bike and went to school.Yesterday I got up at 7:00. Then I got dressed
25、and washed myself quickly and rushed into the dining-room, where my mother was preparing breakfast. Later I had my breakfast at 7:30. After that, I got on my bike and went to school.,Ladies and gentlemen,Welcome to our school !, This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and abou
26、t 500 people.,It used to be very poor. However,it has changed a lot since 1978 ,and has been developing very fast.,People here live a much better life than before .,书面表达:,Now it is taking on a new look.,In the past, the school here was very small and most children couldnt afford to go to school. ,Bu
27、t now it has been rebuilt and, which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village.,All the school-age children can study here., Whats more,they enjoy free education., May you enjoy your stay here,the newly built teaching building,/ May you have a pleasant time here!,Thank you.,加强语篇分析是提高学生写作能力的有效途径, 语篇分析主要强调语篇的整体性、衔接性和连贯性。 语篇的整体性是指文章应有完整的意义,而衔接性 和连贯性则体现在文章的表层结构和底层结构上。 教师在阅读教学中应引导学生进行整体性阅读,总 结出文章的大致框架和写作模式。,高中英语写作阶段性训练,高一:掌握基本句式-5句话作文训练 高二:加强句式变换-9句话作文训练 高三:各种文体训练-12句话作文训练,Thank you,