1、2019/6/27,Unit 2,1,Unit 2 Elements of Theses and Journal Papers (1),Part 1 The text (body),2019/6/27,Unit 2,2,A standard format for theses based on the collection of empirical data,an introduction a review of the literature methods and materials results discussion conclusion,2019/6/27,Unit 2,3,Secti
2、on A Introductory chapter(s),1. an introduction to the subject, the potential contribution of the study and the need for the research, and any necessary background information 2. statement of the problem with an analysis of its delimitation or scope, an experimental study, the schedule and procedure
3、s for gathering data 3. the theoretical framework within which the investigation was conducted, basic assumptions of the study and definitions of terms.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,4,A possible structure for article introductions,Move 1 A claim that the work is important. The author may try to support this cla
4、im by showing that the work is central to the field. the subject of study has attracted wide interest. the subject of study is important or relevant. the topic is being widely investigated. standard procedures for investigating the topic have been established.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,5,Move 2 .,A selective
5、 summary of previous research,2019/6/27,Unit 2,6,Move 3,A claim that the previous research is incomplete. The author may try to show a “gap“ in the previous research. point out inconsistencies among previous studies. argue against currently held theoretical explanations. This section often contains
6、words such as “little, no, none of, few, fail, neglect, lack, been restricted to.“ It may be negative or critical of previous research efforts.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,7,Move 4,Purpose or description of the present research. This section has been variously called: offer of a solution clarification of resea
7、rch purpose advance notice of what is to come This section often begins with a phrase such as, “The aim of the present paper . . .“ In this section, the author may switch from an objective tone (third person) to the more informal first person.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,8,Three Moves,“Create a Research Space”
8、 model “CARS” model 1. Establish a territory 2. Establish a niche 3. Occupy the niche,2019/6/27,Unit 2,9,Move One:,Establish the background by Describing the current situation and/or Asserting the relevance or importance of your topic and/or Providing a definition of the engineering problem and stat
9、ing how it relates to current problems and/or Summarizing previous research in the field including different approaches and/or Stating the chief contributions of others.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,10,Move Two:,Prepare for present research by Indicating a gap or Supporting a tradition or Raising a question or
10、Making a counter-claim,2019/6/27,Unit 2,11,Move Three:,Introduce present research by Stating the purpose or aim of your research project and/or Taking a position by Closing the gap or Making a contribution or Answering questions or Meeting a need or Describing the research (and development process),
11、2019/6/27,Unit 2,12,Lopez (1982) twenty one articles from Latin American journals- only 12 establishing a niche Naijar (1990)forty-eight articles in Arabic in agricultural sciences- only 13 establishing a niche,2019/6/27,Unit 2,13,Taylor and Chen (1991),analyzing science papers by Chinese researcher
12、s- omitting or truncating（截短） the step of reviewing previous research in the move of establishing territory.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,14,Reasons:1) There may be a lack of bibliographic resources in China.2) Chinese scholars are reluctant to discuss the work of colleagues for fear of rendering that work subj
13、ect to exposure in subsequent descriptions of the gaps between established and new territory.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,15,The Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Epoxy-Resin from 0.1 to 8.0 K,Establishing the field The thermal properties of glassy materials at low temperatures are still not completely
14、 understood. The thermal conductivity has a plateau which is usually in the range 5 to 10 K, and below this temperature it has a temperature dependence which varies approximately as T2. The specific heat below 4 K is much larger than that which would be expected from the Debye theory, and it often h
15、as an additional term which is proportional to T,2019/6/27,Unit 2,16,2. Summarizing previous research,Some progress has been made towards understanding the thermal behavior by assuming that there is a cutoff in the photon spectrum at high frequencies (Zaitlin and Anderson 1975 a,b) and that there is
16、 an additional system of low-lying two-level states (Anderson 1975, Phillips 1972).,2019/6/27,Unit 2,17,3. Preparing the present research,Nevertheless, more experimental data are required, and in particular it would seem desirable to make experiments on glassy samples whose properties can be varied
17、slightly from one to the other.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,18,4. Introducing present research,The present investigation reports attempts to do this by using various samples of the same epoxy-resin which have been subjected to different curing cycles. Measurements of the specific heat (or the diffusity) and th
18、e thermal conductivity have been taken in the temperature range 0.1 to 8.0 K for a set of specimens which covered up to nine different curing cycles.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,19,Section B Review of the literature,What is a Literature Review? According to Cooper (1988) . a literature review uses as its datab
19、ase reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or
20、 methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,20,The review of relevant literature is nearly always a standard chapter of a thesis or dissertation. The review forms an important
21、chapter in a thesis where its purpose is to provide the background to and justification for the research undertaken (Bruce 1994). Bruce, who has published widely on the topic of the literature review, has identified six elements of a literature review. These elements comprise a list; a search; a sur
22、vey; a vehicle for learning; a research facilitator; and a report (Bruce 1994).,2019/6/27,Unit 2,21,Goals of a literature review,The Goals of a Literature Review have been defined by Neuman (2000, p. 446) as:- To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A review
23、tells a reader that the researcher knows the research in an area and knows the major issues. A good review increases the readers confidence in the researchers professional competence, ability, and background.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,22,To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked
24、to it. A review outlines the direction of research on a question and shows the development of knowledge. A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,23,To integrate and summarize what is known in a
25、n area. A review pulls together and synthesizes different results. A good review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree, and where major questions remain. It collects what is known up to a point in time and indicates the direction for future research.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,24,To
26、learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A review tells what others have found so that a researcher can benefit from the efforts of others. A good review identifies blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication. It divulges procedures, techniques, and research designs worth copying so that
27、a researcher can better focus hypotheses and gain new insights.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,25,Examples of a good and bad review,Neuman (2000, p.461) provides an example of a good and bad review:- EXAMPLE OF A BAD REVIEW,2019/6/27,Unit 2,26,The review of related research and literature, usually a separate chap
28、ter, should give readers the context for your study. The review should not merely summarize a series of books and articles; rather, it should call attention to the most important previous work, identify the place of your work in relation to other research, and delineate areas of agreement and disagr
29、eement in the field. The review should evaluate and interpret existing research, not just repeat it. Organizing the review by topic rather than by author and avoiding unnecessary quotation can help you focus the review of research.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,27,Sexual harassment has many consequences. Adams,
30、Kottke, and Padgitt (1983) found that some women students said they avoided taking a class or working with certain professors because of the risk of harassment. They also found that men and women students reacted differently. Their research was a survey of 1,000 men and women graduate and undergradu
31、ate students. Benson and Thomsons study in Social Problems (1982) lists many problems created by sexual harassment. In their excellent book, The Lecherous Professor, Dziech and Weiner (1990) give a long list of difficulties that victims have suffered.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,28,EXAMPLE OF A BETTER REVIEW,T
32、he victims of sexual harassment suffer a range of consequences, from lowered self-esteem and loss of self-confidence to withdrawal from social interaction, changed career goals, and depression (Adams, Kottke, and Padgitt, 1983; Benson and Thomson, 1982; Dziech and Weiner, 1990). For example, Adams,
33、Kottke, and Padgitt (1983) noted that 13 percent of women students said they avoided taking a class or working with certain professors because of the risk of harassment.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,29,LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLE,Here is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem.,2019
34、/6/27,Unit 2,30,On the optimal container size in automated warehouses -Y. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the Ninth ICPR,Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced into the industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate that this tren
35、d will continue for the foreseeable future (see 1). Research in the area of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves 6, 7 was concerned with storage assignment and interleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the,2019/6/27,Unit 2,31,various items. Elsayed 3
36、and Elsayed and Stern 4 compared algorithms for handling orders in AR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. 9, Azadivar 2 and Parry et al. 11 deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of its throughput by simulation and optimization techniques.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,32,Several researchers
37、addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit (pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousing systems. Steudell 13, Tanchoco and Agee14, Tanchoco et al. 15 and Grasso and Tanchoco 5 studied various aspects of this subject. The last two references incorporate the size
38、 of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of the optimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited,2019/6/27,Unit 2,33,storage space. In a report on a specific case, Normandin 10 has demonstrated that using the best-size container can result in considerable savings. A simulation model com
39、bining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in an AS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh 8. The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll 12. Nevertheless, container size was found to affect stron
40、gly overall warehousing costs.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,34,In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating the optimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on series of generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for a wide range of real life s
41、ituations. The underlying assumptions of the model are presented in the following section.,2019/6/27,Unit 2,35,Notice how the writers have:,grouped similar information: “Steudell 13, Tanchoco and Agee14, Tanchoco et al. 15 and Grasso and Tanchoco 5 studied various aspects of this subject.“ shown the
42、 relationship between the work of different researchers, showing similarities/differences: “The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll 12.“,2019/6/27,Unit 2,36,indicated the position of the work in the research are
43、a history: “Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves 6, 7 . . . “ moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.,201
44、9/6/27,Unit 2,37,AN OUTLINE OF THE SAME PIECE OF WRITING,1. Forecasts of increasing rate of AR/RS introduction 1 2. Storage assignment/interleaving policies (Hausman, Schwarz, Graves 6,7) 3. Comparison of algorithms for handling orders (Elsayed 3, Elsayed & Stern 4) 4. Design of AS/RS & determinatio
45、n of throughput (Karasawa et al. 9, Azadivar 2, Parry et al. 11),2019/6/27,Unit 2,38,5. Optimal handling unit (Steudel 13, Tanchoco & Agee 14) a. with pallet size/unit load (Tanchoco et al. 15, Grasso & Tanchoco 5) b. “best-size” gives savings (Normandin 10) c. simulation model (Kadosh 8) d. stochas
46、tic flow (Kadosh 8, Rosenblatt and Roll 12),2019/6/27,Unit 2,39,6. Summary of previous research: “container size was found to affect strongly overall warehousing costs.” 7. Present research: “an analytical framework for approximating the optimal size of a warehouse container.”,2019/6/27,Unit 2,40,From this outline, it is clear that the writers are organizing their information around ideas (in this case research) not around the researchers. This enables them to focus on the research itself, to show how different research is related, and how it all relates to their own research.,
