1、语言学概论第四章第 2-6 题练习答案1. Define the following terms: syntax co-occurrence construction constituent endocentric exocentric coordination subordination category agreement embedding recursiveness grammatical subject and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, and so on.agreement: Agreement (or conc
2、ord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship betwee
3、n this pen and it in the following dialogue: -Whose is this pen? -Oh, its the one I lost. embedding: Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in another clause in syntactic subordination. E.g., I saw the man who had visited you last year.recursiveness: it mainly means that a phr
4、asal constituent can be embedded within (i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. For example, “I met a man who had a son whose wife sol
5、d cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new”.grammatical subject the core subject (a dog), now the object of a preposition (by a dog), is called a logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally
6、does: it performs an action.cohesion: Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. The cohesive devices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on. In the following example,
7、the cohesive device is “Reference”, that is, “it” refers back to the door: He couldnt open the door. It was locked tight. 2. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences (Hint: It may help to refer back to section 4.2.2) ex. S NP the boy VPsmiles (a) The instructor told the students
8、 to study. (b) The customer requested for a cold beer. (c) The pilot landed the jet. (d) These dead trees must be removed. (e) That glass suddenly broke. Answer 2. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences(Hint: It may help to refer back to section 4.2.2) (1) The instructor told
9、the students to study. NP(det.+n.)+V+NP(det.+n.)+inf.(2) The customer requested for a cold beer. NP(det+n.)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)(3) The pilot landed the jet. NP(det+n)+V+NP(det+n.)(4) These dead trees must be removed. NP(det+adj.+n.)+mv(modal verb)+be(auxiliary verb)+Past Participle(5) That glas
10、s suddenly broke. NP(det+n)+adv.+V 3. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence. Ex. (I) (rode) (back) (when) (it) (was) (dark). (a) The boy was crying. (b) Shut the door. (c) Open the door quickly. (d) The happy teacher in that class was beaming away. (e) He bought an old car
11、with his first pay cheque. Answer 3. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.(a) (The) (boy) (was) (crying).(b) (Shut) (the) (door).(c) (Open) (the) (door) (quickly).(d) (The) (happy) (teacher) (in) (that) (class) (was) (beaming) (away). (e) (He) (bought) (an) (old) (car) (wi
12、th) (his) (first) (pay) (cheque).4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following: (1) State whether it is headed or non-headed. (2) If headed, state its headword. (3) Name the type of constructions. Ex. His son will be keenly competing. Answer: headed, headwordcompeting;
13、 verbal group (a) Ducks quack. (b) The ladder in the shed is long enough. (c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair. (d) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries. (e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine. (f) A lady of great beauty came out. (g) He enjoys climbing high mountains. (h) The ma
14、n nodded patiently. (i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword. Answer 4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following: (1) State whether it is headed or non-headed. (2) If headed, state its headword. (3) Name the type of constructions. Ex. His son will be keenly comp
15、eting. Answer: headed, headwordcompeting; verbal group (a) Ducks quack. (non-headed, independent clause)(b) The ladder in the shed is long enough. (non-headed, prepositional phrase)(c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair. (headed; headworddamaged; adjectival group)(d) Singing hymns is forbidden in
16、some countries. (headed; headwordsinging; gerundial phrase)(e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine. (headed; headwordface; nominal group) (f) A lady of great beauty came out. (non-headed; prepositional phrase)(g) He enjoys climbing high mountains. (headed; headwordclimbing; gerundial phrase)(
17、h)The man nodded patiently. (non-headed; a sentence)(i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword. (headed; headwordroused; adjectival phrase)5. In the pairs of sentences that follow, indicate with “N” those that need not follow a particular order when they are joined by “and”. Indicate with “Y” tho
18、se that need to be ordered. Aside from the examples below, in your opinion, which type is more relevant. (a) The sun is shining. The wind is blowing. (b) Susie went to sleep. She had a dream. (c) John came in. He closed the door. (d) He came in. John closed the door. (e) She felt embarrassed. She bl
19、ushed. (f) The sky is blue. The grass is green. (g) He walked away. He got up. (h) He enjoyed the meal. He loved the pickles. Answer 5. In the pairs of sentences that follow, indicate with “N” those that need not follow a particular order when they are joined by “and”. Indicate with “Y” those that n
20、eed to be ordered. Aside from the examples below, in your opinion, which type is more relevant? (a) The sun is shining. The wind is blowing. N(b) Susie went to sleep. She had a dream. Y(c) John came in. He closed the door. Y(d) He came in. John closed the door. Y(e) She felt embarrassed. She blushed
21、. Y(f) The sky is blue. The grass is green. N(g) He walked away. He got up. Y(h) He enjoyed the meal. He loved the pickles. N6. Combine the following pairs of sentences. Make the second sentence of each pair into a relative clause, and then embed it into the first. (1) The comet appears every twenty
22、 years. Dr. Okada discovered the comet. (2) Everyone respected the quarterback. The quarterback refused to give up. (3) The most valuable experiences were small ones. I had the experiences on my trip to Europe. (4) Children will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol. Childrens parents abuse al
23、cohol. (5) Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases. The noxious gases threaten the atmosphere. Answer 6. Combine the following pairs of sentences. Make the second sentence of each pair into a relative clause, and then embed it into the first. (1) The comet appears every twenty years.
24、 Dr. Okada discovered the comet. The comet that Dr. Okada discovered appears every twenty years. (2) Everyone respected the quarterback. The quarterback refused to give up. Everyone respected the quarterback who refused to give up.(3) The most valuable experiences were small ones. I had the experien
25、ces on my trip to Europe. The most valuable experiences that I had on my trip to Europe were small ones.(4) Children will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol. Childrens parents abuse alcohol. Children whose parents abuse alcohol will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol.(5) Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases. The noxious gases threaten the atmosphere. Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases which threaten the atmosphere.
