1、第五讲：代词 Pronoun,代词（pronoun）在句中能代替名词或名词词组，它和主谓一致（agreement）关系很密切，也是各类英语测试中的一个常见内容。,一、代词的分类,二、代词的格、人称和数,人称代词、疑问代词和关系代词有主格、宾格和属格的区别。 人称代词有第一、第二和第三人称的区别。 第三人称代词有阳性、阴性、中性的区别。 人称代词、物主代词、不定代词和指示代词有单复数的不同形式。,三、代词要点掌握,（一） 人称代词的用法 1人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，宾格用作及物动词或介词的宾语，属格用作定语。 例如： John waited a while but eventually
2、 he went home. John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 2人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语， 例如： I saw her with them; at least, I thought it was her.（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语（表语）,3 .人称代词之主、宾格的替换 宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾格。- I like English. -我喜欢英语。 - M
3、e too. -我也喜欢。 - Have more wine? -再来点酒喝吗? - Not me. -我可不要了。 b.在than和as引导的从句中， 人称代词也得用主格。 He is taller than I（正式）/me.（非正式）She is more thoughtful than he.We enjoy surfing as much as they.,4. 人称代词在句中的词序： （1）两个以上人称代词并列时，出于礼貌的缘故，习惯上是第二、第三人称代词居前，第一人称居后。They are going to see you, Tom and me off.(2)如果第一人称加上不
4、定代词或后置定语的并列成分时，第一人称放前面。We and five others will go abroad.I and the young lady living next door.(3)如果说话人在承担责任、检讨工作等时，一般第一人称放前面。I and he are to blame.We and the first group made the mistakes.,5.it 的特殊用法 （1）用于“it is (was)-that (who/whom)-”强调结构中 e.g. Bill broke the window here yesterday. It was Bill who
5、/that broke the window here yesterday. It was the window that Bill shot here yesterday. It was here that Bill broke the window yesterday. It was yesterday that Bill broke the window here.,在带有it 强调结构的英语考试中，测试重点往往放在人称代词的格或动词的数上，最好的办法是先去掉外加的It is (was)-that(who)这个强调结构，并能发现问题所在。 It was us boys who clean
6、ed up after the party.A B C D I think it is you who is wrong。A B C D,(2)It 用作形式主语或形式宾语 It 用作形式主语或形式宾语以代表后面真正的主语或宾语，真正主语或宾语通常是句子末尾的不定式、动名词或that 从句。It needs hard work to master a foreign language.It is advisable to inform him beforehand.I consider it my duty to help him.I find it quite pleasant to wor
7、k with you.,代替动名词作形式主语或宾语主要用于以下结构中：It is no use/ no good/ dangerous/ useless/ senseless/ worthwhile/ hard work/ a waste/a nuisance+动名词(不宜用不定式)It is no good taking this medicine.My English level is not very high, so it is hard work keeping up with my American classmates.It is very likely that Team B
8、will beat Team A this time.It is not known when the project will be started.,(二)相互代词,1.相互代词只有each other 和one another两个词组。 按传统的语法概念，each other用于两者之间的相互关系；one another 用于两者以上之间的相互关系。 Henry has two children. They love each other. Henry has three children. They love one another. 但在实际生活中， 两者可以交替使用。,2.相互代词
9、的所有格（属格）应注意一个问题：one another 和each other 的属格为one anothers，不是one anothers;应是each others,不是each others.它们后面接不可数名词或复数可数名词，不能接单数可数名词。While studying each others strong points(长处，系复数可数名词)，you should also point out each others shortcoming.(复数可数名词)Ted and Bill often exchange each others work experience.,3.相互
10、代词不能用作主语 e.g. We know what one another (each other )wantsWe each know (know each) what the other wants.Each of us knows what the other wants. 注：不管other是单数还是复数，其前面的冠词the必不少。Each of us knows what the others want.We two correspond with each other regularly, so we each know (each of us knows) how the ot
11、her is getting along.(主语系二者，故other 用单数)We three correspond with one another regularly, so we each know (each of us knows) how the others are getting along.,(三)物主代词,1.物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用， 例如： John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。 物主代词有形容词性（m
12、y, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。,2 双重所有格 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。 公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主词 如： a friend of mine. each brother of his.,（四）反身代词,有些动词需有反身代词 absent(离场，缺席), bathe, amu
13、se, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave E.G. There was an excellent football match yesterday. All the students absented themselves from the class. Take care. Dont cut yourself. 注意： 1. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (错) Myself drove the car. (对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。 2. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二
14、个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。 Charles and myself saw it. 3. 主语为第二人称，且第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。 You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。,(五)指示代词,指示代词有this/these, that/those, same, such 等词，既可作限定词又可做代词， 指示代词的句法功能； a. 作主语This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。 b. 作宾语I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚于那个。 c. 作主语补语 My p
15、oint is this.我的观点就是如此。 d. 作介词宾语 I dont say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。,说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人， 例如： (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人） (错)He is going to marry this. （this作宾语时不能指人） (对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语),说明2：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 th
16、ese不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较： (对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人） (错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人） (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人） (对) He admired those which looked beaut
17、iful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）,Such 的用法 1.用作主语 Such is my impression of English. Please send us your latest samples if such are available. 2.用作宾语 Since you are a scholar, you should show yourself as such. 做as 的宾语。 Their criticism of me ,if it was intended for such, was offered in a gentle and mild way
18、.。,3用作表语(1)Such 往往倒置于句首，有时也用于句中。Such are the viewpoints of my friends on life. 倒装结构，主语viewpoints是复数，故such 后接复数are.Such being the case, I have to postpone my departure till next month. Such being the case系常用的对立结构，主语是case,作“情况既然如此”解。,(2)such和that 或as 引导的从句一起用（从句在后）The issue is not such as can be easil
19、y mediated. 这一争端并非如此，以致可以较易调解。 （as 代词，用作主语，不能省。）Such was the force of the explosion(=The force of the explosion was such) that all the windows were broken.(注意such置于句首，采用倒装语序，that 是连词，需接主谓完整的结构)The progress was such(=so great) that it surprised her teacher.连词that 后面的it用作主语指代progress,绝不能省略，如that 换用代词a
20、s,则需去掉it，as充当主语， 即The progress was such as surprised her teacher,(3)such 也可以和as 引导的不定式短语连用, as 不能省略。Our first view of Honolulu was such as to stamp if forever on the memories of all of us.檀香山给我们的第一印象是如此深刻，以致将永远留在我们所有人的记忆中。 I hope his illness is not such as to cause anxiety. 我希望他的病还不至于那样让人担忧。 She is
21、not such a bad woman as to ill-treat the boy. 她这女人还不至于坏到虐待孩子。 It was such strong wind to blow the roof off. 风这么大，以致把房子都掀掉了。,4.Such 用作定语 Such a(n)接单数可数名词；such 接不可数名词或复数可数名词。 Such a fool/ a film/ a story/ a thing/ a interesting story Such fools/ films/ stories/ things Such information/patience/ weathe
22、r/elegance可以说such a fool (a film, a story, a thing)，但不能说no such a fool (a film, a story, a thing),因no 等同于not a 或not any, 以包括不定冠词a ,故在no such a fool等这一结构中，a 乃多余，需删掉。,Such 和so 用法上的区别,e.g. such a man as he. as 用作表语，因he后面的is省掉了，即as he is, 故as he 不能改为 as him.Such a man he mentioned. As 用作mentioned的宾语，故he
23、 不能改为him.Such a man as was mentioned by you. As 用作as mentioned 的主语。Such languages as are studied by you As 用作are studied的主语；such languages 用复数，故as 后面的谓语动词用复数形式are.,在此句型中，such-as-是分开的，也并在一起，写成such as-,即 A man such as he A man such as you mentioned. A man such as was mentioned by you. Languages such a
24、s are studied by you.Since the Industrial Revolution, the primary sources of A B energy, other than human muscle and manual labor, C have been such fossil fuels like oil, coal and gas.D,Same 的用法,不论用作主语、宾语、定语或表语，same 前面应有定冠词the.Same 的常用结构 The same-as(接从句，从句中的谓语常省略，有时主谓一起省略) I work in the same corpora
25、tion as he (works in). You have made the same mistakes as (you made) last time.The same-that（接从句，从句中的谓语通常不省略） You have made the same mistake that you made last time.The same-with（接宾语） I work in the same corporation with him (=as he). Our should speak clearly and it is the same with writing.,(六)疑问代词,
26、疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构 成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个： 指 人： who, whom, whose 指 物： what 既可指人又可指物： which,疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除 who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。 试比较： 疑问代词： Whose are these books on the desk? What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？ 限定词： Whose books are thes
27、e on the desk? What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？,注意 1.无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内， 例如：Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘？ What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？,2.Whom是who
28、的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如： Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语） Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首） To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了？ （作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）,3. whom用作介词宾语时，如果介词移至句末，whom则改用主格，在口语中尤其如此。To whom do you wish
29、 to speak? Who do you wish to speak to?About whom are you talking? Who are you talking about?,(七)关系代词,关系代词有who(主格)、whom(宾格)、whose(属格)、that 和which。它们用来引导定语从句以修饰它们所代表的名词或代词，该词称为先行词。关系代词在其所引导的定语从句中充当主语，宾语，表语或定语。Who 用于人，which用于物，、that则两者皆可。,I saw the man who is famous for his fine acting.(用作主语) The gues
30、t whom you mentioned has not come yet.(用作宾语) The company did not want to hire a man whose experience was so limited.作定语 I like novels which/that deal with philosophical questions 代表物 People that/who have not been properly trained cannot do this kind of work.代表人 Amy is no longer the girl that she was
31、.作表语,Which 和whom在定语从句中作状语或定语时的处理,如果关系代词which 和whom在它们所引导的定语从句中作 状语或定语作用时，需在它们之前加上介词。用作定语 The factory has 3,000 workers, of whom about 1,000 are women. China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.用作状语 Here is the book about which I told you the other day. (about which 修饰told) The ro
32、om in which Daniel works is kept in good order. in which 修饰works),关系代词whowhom which 和that 的主要用法,Which 的先行词可以是一个句子 当先行词是一个指人的集体名词时，如果强调整体，用which;若强调各个成员，用who. 当先行词前有最高级形容词、only、any或no时，用that ,不用which. 在用作名词的little,much 和代词all, everything, something,anything, nothing, none后面用that 在everybody, everyone,
33、 anybody, anyone, somebody,someone等词后面用who/whom,遇到有两个先行词，一个指人，一个指物，这时应用that That 前面不能有介词 关系代词whom和which还可和不定式连用，但前面需加介词，或省掉关系代词把介词移至句末，即“介词+whom/which+不定式”或“（whom/which）省掉不定式+介词” Hob is a pleasant young man with whom to work. Hob is a pleasant young man to work with.,用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的关系代词,同学们自行总结,（八）不定代词,all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。,
