1、上下文,构词法,猜测词意,阅读理解之,猜测词意,1 构词法2 上下文线索,1.根据前缀猜测词义2.根据后缀猜测词义3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义,1.针对性的解释2.内在逻辑关系推理,1.根据对比，转折关系猜测词义2.根据因果关系猜测词义3.根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义 4.根据普通常识,生活经验推测词义,词义猜测方法,1.根据定义猜测 2.根据复述推测 3.根据举例猜测,词义猜测方法,一）利用构词法猜测词义,1.根据前缀猜测词义2.根据后缀猜测词义3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义,dis in mis un non,否定前缀,re co mini over super pre
2、 post vice en tele,其它前缀,重复,共同,平等,小,过度,超出,-后,副的,使-可能,远程,-前,常用前缀,利用前缀猜测词义,利用前缀猜测词义,2.He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.,半清醒的，半昏迷的,1.Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads.,not expensive,3.Im illiterate about such thing
3、s.,一窍不通的、不知道的,4. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.(2003NMET),unconditional:,无条件的, 绝对的 adj.,condition,conditional,情况，条件 n.,有条件的 adj.,unconditional:,nonjudgmental:,没有判断力的,
4、judge,judgment,judgmental,判断 v.,判断 n.,adj.,nonjudgmental:,后缀 able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion, -fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen, -ty, -th, -y等,认一认，读一读,reasonable, chemical, attractive helpful, musician, illness, realization, friendly, belongings,利用后缀猜测词义,1.Insecti
5、cide is applied where it is needed.,点拨,这个单词中的后缀-cide表示“杀者、杀灭剂”， 结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫)，不难猜出 其意为“杀虫剂”,2.Then the vapor may change into droplets.,点拨,这个词的后缀-let表示“小的”，词根drop指 “滴、滴状物”。将两个意思合起来，便可推 出其意为“小滴、微滴”。,练一练 猜一猜,3.The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai in 1992 and now 12 car rental players are
6、in the game, with more than 11,500 cars in their books.,出租的,练一练 猜一猜,剩余物，吃剩的食物,1. (09, 全国卷二）I know what youre thinking: pizza(比萨饼)? For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have last nights leftovers in the a.m. if you want to.,1.根据定义猜测词义 利用解释作为从上下文猜词的线索。常用的谓语关键词和句型有：.means 表示的意思，意指.is/are 是.is/
7、are called 被叫做.is/are known as 被称为.can be defined as 可被定以为,针对性的解释,1.Anthropology is the scientific study of man.,2.In slang,the term “jam”constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,研究人类的科学,困境,（05 湖北卷A篇）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A terri
8、tory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own. 57. What is a birds “territory”? A. A place where families of other species are not accepted. B. A place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice. C. An area for which birds fight against each other. D. An area which a bir
9、d considers to be its own.,由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。答案：D,2. Social mobility is the movement fromone class or level of living to another.3. He is a resolute man, once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.,2.根据复述猜测词义,虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词词义。复述形式多样，具体的复述方式有：同位语、插入语、定语从句、举例等。
10、,1）同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, 等。,针对性的解释,1.It will be competing for the PalmedOr,the festivals top prize.,2.Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons
11、 lungs and his heartbeats.,这个节日的最高奖项的名称,听诊器,3.It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is , it will break easily.,易碎的,插入语,插入语“That is”,”That is to say”及并列连词or也可以对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说”。这些插入语的的后面也是对前面的词语进行解释。如：,1.Jane is indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind easily.,2.Capacitance, or the abi
12、lity to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electroniccircuits(电器装置).,电容量,犹豫不决的,根据复述推测词义,针对性的解释,2）定语从句复述：以定语从句为线索 猜测词义也是一个行之有效的猜词方法.,1.（04 福建卷）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer wit
13、h surprising sauces . Q: According the passage, The Pines is a . Aplace in which you can see many mobile homes Bmountain where you can get a good view of the valley Ctown which happens to be near the Banff National Park Drestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food,2.Krabacber suffers
14、 from SAD,which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,根据生词SAD后面的定语从句和同位语，我们可以推断出其含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症“,3）根据举例猜测词义,针对性的解释,通过列举一些名词或事例来解释说明文章中的生词。常见的关键词有：such as 例如 ； like 像，如 especially 尤其是； for instance 例如；for example 例如； consist of由组成例如：Cars must
15、 have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.,装置，设备,1.When writing an article, we often use simile, such as “brave as a lion” and “quick like lightning”“simile” means“_”.,【修辞】明喻,常见的信号词：such as, for example, for instance 等。,2.The result of epochal events such as wars an
16、d great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的 实例，通过它们我们就可以猜出该词的 大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划 时代的”十分接近。,根据对比，转折关系猜测词义,利用生词的上下文间对比或转折关系猜测词义。关键词主要有：or, unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast，while, otherwise, on o
17、ne handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing 等。,根据逻辑推理猜测词义,反义词 （对比）,eg. Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite homely “homely” means “ ”.,ugly,With the help of words like: unlike; but however, while, instead, on the other hand.,Unlike,handsome,技巧,Rather than likin
18、g the movie, as I expected them to, all my friends abhorred it.厌恶，憎恨 If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.不赞成；不同意,Rather than,liking,no,yes,agree,In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.,. John usually wastes
19、a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.,节俭的，节约的,1.Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.,dirty(肮脏的),2.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.,目空一切，傲慢的,3.( 05广东卷) “Un
20、like vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.” The underlined word roughly means _. A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed,（根据对比关系）,常见表示对比关系的信号词：unlike, however, but, while, on the contrary, instead of, on the other hand, etc.,4.A goo
21、d supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,adept：熟练的,Ex. 2Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate.Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft.,天生的,无辜的,内在逻
22、辑关系推理,3.根据因果关系猜测词义,抓住一些表示因果关系的信号词为线索进行推断生词。这些信号词有:since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so.that, such.that,Strategy :,1. (06陕西卷) The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable
23、to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.In paragraph 2, “ a roof over their heads” most probably means _. A. a cap B. a car C. a home D. a covering,Logical Connection,（根据因果关系）,常见的表示因果关系的信号词有:since, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, due to, result in/ from, as a
24、 result, for this reason, accordingly,- since you are my superior（上级）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do . （2005年上海卷） Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet,since,superior,Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bo
25、ught a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.,复制品,Ex. 3 Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.,精明的,修剪,eg. a. In each Olympic Games, medals of gold, silver and bronze can be awa
26、rded.,b. At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.,Bronze 和silver gold 是同类所以判断是”铜”,从年龄42 以及和prime 具有同等关系的full of energy 推断出是”盛年时期”,4. 根据类比关系,5.根据比较关系猜测词义,同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。例如：,Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.,健谈的,内在逻辑关系推理,6.根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
27、,（05 江苏卷）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.” Q：The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means . Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy,同义词、近义词,Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to peoples health. They also regard drin
28、king as harmful.,有害的 adj.,作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释或者同一段落中另一个更难的词，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句。,also,技巧,资金 n.,At the beginning they did nothave enough capital to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.,money,同义词、近义词,nor,同义词常见信词：or, namely, that is, i.e., t
29、hat is to say,等。,1.Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,危及、危害,内在逻辑关系推理,7.根据普通常识,生活经验推测词义,有时遇到生词时，运用自己已有的常识，比如对一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等的了解
30、，可以帮助加深对文章的理解, 将其推测出来。,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.,麻醉剂,经验和常识,In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing souwesters, the storm was
31、 so heavy that they were wet through.,a kind of raincoat,技巧,Useful strategies,Common sense,1. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.,2. Most of the roses are beginning to
32、wither because of the cold.,“beak” here means _.,“wither” refers to _.,a birds mouth,dry up and die,The heat of sun warms some ocean water. The surface of the water evaporates， forming a cloud of warm, wet air that moves upward “evaporates” means “_”,turns into vapour蒸发,（05 福建卷） Rainforests like the
33、 Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. The phrase “ mopping up” in the paragraph means_. A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out,8.标点符号（冒号；破折号；括号）,1.You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language T
34、eaching in Schools, or English Learning. A.dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers,技巧,2. The other questioned the veracity the truthfulness of these reports.,标点符号 ( ) - :It will be very hard but also very brittle- that is, it will break easily.Tornadoes ( violent and destructive whirl
35、 wind ) normally occur on hot, humid ( a little wet ) day, but not necessarily in the summer.,9.利用上下文的暗示猜测词义,Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nil Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel,the worlds first igloo hotel
36、.Built in a small town in Lap-land,it has been attracting lots of visitors,but soon the fun will be over.In two weeks time Bergqvists ice creation will be nothing more than a pool of water. “We dont see it as a big problem,”he says, “We just look forward to replacing it.,Igloo:冰屋,Practice makes perf
37、ect,4.,Practice练习,Ex. 1A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals.The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.We are on the night shift - from midnight to 8 a.m. - this week
38、.,木匠,动物学家,牧人,夜班,Passage 1. We can not feel speed. But our sense let us know that we are moving. We see things moving past and feel that we are being shaken. We can feel acceleration, an increase in speed. But we notice it for only a short time. For example we feel it during the takeoff run of an air
39、plane. 1. Acceleration is the name for _.A. any kind of movement B. the movement of a plane C. a steady speed D. an increase in speed,Passage 2. STOCKHOLMA Swede and two Americans won the 2000 Nobel Prize for medicine on Oct. 9 for studies on how messages move around the nervous system. The discover
40、y makes it possible to develop drugs against Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia. Arvid Carlson of Sweden and Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel of the United States share the first prize of the millennium, worth nearly US$ 1 million, for their discoveries, Swedens Karlinska Institute said. 3. What doe
41、s the underlined word “schizophrenia” probably mean?A. a kind of illness B. a new discovery C. a name of a subject D. a new drug,Passage 4. New York: when the first jet struck 1 World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the people in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the
42、divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast. Among the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the south tower instructed people to stay put, telling them that the building was in good condition and the threat was limited to the other t
43、ower. 4. The underlined words “stay put” means_.A. to keep silent B. to leave at onceC. to stay in the building D. to put everything back and then leave,Passage 5.All the athletes try to be at the closing ceremony. They have forgotten all their fears and worries. It does not matter whether they have
44、 done well or not. All the teams walk round the stadium together. Everybody in the village clears up and gets ready to leave. Everyone is hunting for local products. People exchange track suits, hats, running vest and so on. There is a last chance to take photographs and get addresses of new friends
45、. Then each team starts its journey home. 5. The underline phrase “clears up” in the paragraph means_.A. packs up B. goes away C. makes clear D. does the cleaning,1. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a special piece of equipment breaks up the no
46、nrecyclables. ( ) 2. Helping laid-off workers and unemployed people find jobs is a crucial (关系重大的)and pressing task facing the Chinese Government, President Jiang Zemin stressed yesterday, he urged better service to create work for the unemployed. ( ) 3. Are you a man or a mouse? When people ask thi
47、s question they want to know if you think you are a brave person or a coward. ( ),不可回收资源,下岗,胆小鬼,5.,Assignment 作业,4. Most women in China -educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. ( ) 5. Jane w
48、as talking with others while Tom remained reticent all the time. ( ) 6. The farmer is the most important person in the movie. He is the hero. ( ) 7. They surrendered, that is, threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads. ( ),文盲的,沉默寡言的,男主角,投降,8. Japan has a problem many
49、other countries would envyits workforce works too hard. Curing Japanese workers of disease “workaholism” is proving a difficult job, partly because many of them like work better than anything else, experts say. ( ) 9. The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water. ( ) 10. Crime is a very serious problem in Britain. One sort of crime which particularly worries people is juvenile crimescrimes committed by young people. ( ),
