1、CET-4 应试准备,四级能力基本要求,能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般题材文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实与细节，能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度， 阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在阅读篇幅较长、阅读难度略低, 生词不超过总词数的3的材料时, 能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，速度达到每分钟100词。,考试题型概述 阅读的比重为35%。其中，仔细阅读的文章2篇，分数占全卷的20%，题型为广大考生熟悉的四选一。 另两种阅读考查方法：快速阅读和选词填空。选词填空考查方式为：在一篇220字左右的文章中，从给出的15个备选单词中选出10个填入文章空白处。(简而言之，15个萝卜
2、10个坑。) 另外，快速阅读要求在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题，前7个是单选，后3个是填空题(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。由此不难看出，“快速+准确”是今后四级阅读部分考查的重点。 今后大家要多练习提高自己的阅读速度和阅读效率。,提高阅读能力是一个循序渐进的过程。按照文章从微观到宏观的构成来分析，它需要考生在以下几方面依次提高： 一、单词 单词是文章的细胞，是理解的基础。但是，单词却是很多四级考生的最主要问题。四级阅读部分的很多难词，会在真题中反复出现并影响你的做题速度与准确性。比如2010年12月63题： 63. Linda Waites studies sup
3、port the idea that _. A older men should quit smoking to stay healthy B marriage can help make up for ill health C the married are happier than the unmarried D unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life 原文:Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Wa
4、ite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. compe
5、nsate对理解很重要，题干中出现的同义词make up for。,阅读能力的培养,再如：10年6月60题：60. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow? A) To distinguish them from the colour of the plane. B) To caution people to handle them with care. C) To make them easily identifiable. D) To conform
6、 to international standards. 原文： The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. visibility不会的话此题无法作答。,二、句子 单词有了一定保证后，能力提高的中心就应当从单词转向句子。因为在一篇文章里，句子才是真正的基本单位。如何理解长句难句又是考生的一大困境。一般说来，只要考生经常接触长难句，增强语感，
7、掌握一定的语法知识，都是有助于考生提高理解力的。但这种泛泛的方法对考生并没有实质性的帮助，只有分析长难句的构成特点和理解方法才真正有用。综合历年四级阅读的长难句，我们可以发现，有两类长难句经常出现：一是主谓分离型;一是环环相扣型。,长难句分析word文档,(1)主谓分离型： 如：2008-6四级题中有句子： The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.很多学生认为该句
8、子的谓语是leave，很显然他们不习惯主谓分离的句子结构。分析四级阅读主谓分离的长难句后，我们不难发现这类句子开始的名词一般就是主语，这是理解句子的突破点(这个规律并不绝对，但在四级阅读中比较明显)。按此方法，上面这个句子的主语是The digital bread crumbs谓语便是是make了。,(2)环环相扣型：2008年6 月份四级阅读出现的一个长难句：Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information
9、 like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷) 句子较长，很多同学并不能较好理解该句子。但如果借用分层思想，把句子进行分割解剖，这句话就可以分为以下四个简单的部分： Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers j
10、ust to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷) 这样就好理解了。有助于帮助后面65题的作答。,三、段落 单词和句子是基层的，侧重于理解;而段落是高层的，侧重于理解和概括。 在认知单词没有多大问题，理解长难句有一定思路的时候，考生还要锻炼段落的概括能力。从近几年的考试变化来看，推理性题目的数量在增加。推理性的题目难度一大，就会涉及概括能力。而与此时，四级中也存在直接问段落大意的题目，这些都要求考生在理解句子的基础上，再提高一个层次，尝试概括段落主题。阅读理解的题型主要有: The main idea of the pass
11、age is _. We can infer from the passage that _. 此类题做题技巧后面再作具体简介。,四、文章结构 如果说单词是最微观的，那么文章结构就是最宏观的。考生在平时练习时，切忌不要只是停留在做题，因为把文章真正搞懂更有意义。当文章段落数量少的时候，文章结构相对容易把握;而文章段落一旦增加，一个话题就会被分解为几个段落，这时文章结构就会因为松散而难把握。所以，我们有必要了解一下文章的篇章结构，做到心中有数。,语篇结构（1）,语篇结构模式是文章内容的组织形式，它能帮助读者把握文章的写作思路，预测语篇展开的内容。考试涉及的语篇结构模式主要有以下四种： 1. 观点
12、论证型这是议论文常见的一种结构模式，它可以细分为“观点 例证 结论”和“理论 定义 举例”。例如10年6月passage 2就属此类结构。对于这种类型的文章，重点是掌握作者的观点立场相关的论证。 2. 问题解决型这种类型的文章一般采用“问题 原因 解决”或“问题 后果 建议”的结构，它常以社会现象或社会问题为素材，如08年12月passage 2，此类文章需要我们把握作者的立场和文章的主要细节。,语篇结构（2）,3. 现象解释型这种类型的文章一般采取“现象 解释 意义”或“事物 特点 意义”的结构形式，如09年12月passage 2，09年6月passage 1。此类文章主要考察我们对文章细
13、节的理解能力。 4. 选择对比型这种类型的文章一般采取“事物 优缺 结论”或“事物 别人观点 作者观点”，如10年6月passage 2，此类文章考察我们对作者立场和文章细节的理解能力。,四级考试阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力,1掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节； 3既理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论； 4既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。,仔细阅读,阅读理解的题型和解题技巧 阅读理解的题型主要有以下几种： （1）主旨题，如：The main idea of the passage is _. （2）事实或细节题，如：According
14、to the passage, what happened to _? （3）辨义题，如：The word X (line Y) refers to/probably means _. （4）推断题，如：We can infer from the passage that _. （5）作者态度或文章格调题，如：,In the passage the authors attitude toward X is _. The tone of the passage can be best described as _. （一）如何准确地获取主旨大意理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。这种句子
15、表达的意思比较概括，结构比较简单，段落中必定有其他句子来解释、支撑或发展主题句。一般来说，在一个段落中，主题句的位置有四种情况： 1. 主题句在段首：有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段首的可能性最大。此种段落用演绎法撰写：先提出论点，具体说明或扩展主题句所表达的思想，然后再做结论。 例：,People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and e
16、at one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what are called fast foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries, and a soft drink. Which sentence best expresses the main idea?A) Som
17、e people like steak and others like red meat. B) Vegetables are very healthy to you . C) Food preparation has a lot to do with peoples tastes. D) Different people have different tastes in food.,D,2. 主题句在段尾：这种段落通常用归纳法来撰写。位于段尾的主题句往往概括了前面表述的细节、归纳的要点以及所得出的观察印象或结果。 例：In a student cafeteria, the students
18、serve themselves. When they have finished, they take their dirty dishes back to a special table. In this way the cost of employing cafeteria staff is reduced because there is no need for waiters. Secondly, the cafeteria makes no profit, which reduces the cost by at least ten percent. On account of t
19、hese two factors, the Student Union Cafeteria should be able to provide meals at a lower cost than restaurants in town. 3. 主题句在段中：当主题句位于段中时，段落开,始的句子主要表述了要论述的中心思想，其余部分都围绕中心思想去引述和解释。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题、主题、解释。 例：Joe is happy about being on a bowling team that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing baske
20、tball twice a month. During the summer, he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly, he loves to watch a football game or a golf or tennis match. 4. 主题句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落内都有明显的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要正
21、确理解作者提供的细节、事实及观点，并在大脑中形成印象，,然后发挥自己的逻辑思维和概括能力，综合归纳成一个切合文章主题的概念。例：The snow was falling very heavily. The sky was very cloudy. The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour. It was 18 degrees outside. It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you. Which of the following sentences b
22、est expresses the main idea of the paragraph? Its cold outside. B) Its wintertime. C) The weather is changeable. D) The weather is stormy. 这类题有一些固定的提问方式，例如：,D,1. What is the main idea of the passage? 2. With what topic (theme, subject) is the passage primarily concerned? 3. What is the best title of
23、 the passage? 4. What does the passage mainly discuss? 5. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? 主旨题解题小结方法：(1)要着重理解首末段，首末句(2)若主旨在文章中间出现或前后段意转折时，应提高警惕(3)若段中出现转折时，该转折句很可能就是主题句(4)作者有意识重复的观点往往是主旨(5)首段出现疑问句时，对该疑问的解答就是主旨(6)主旨出现时常伴有如下词：but, however, therefore, in short选项特点：(1)正确选项一般不含细节信息，并不含过
24、分肯定或绝对意义的词(2)错误选项的特点是就事论事，或细节信息鲜明，或过于笼统。,（二）识别阅读材料中重要的细节和事实在阅读中，文章的思想必须通过许多具体信息和事实来进一步说明或解释。细节题在阅读测试中占有很大的比例。 1. 作题的关键在于返回原文，不要凭印象作题，返回原文要有定位意识。 2. 细节题迷惑选项的常用手段：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断(列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，也是错的) 例：,We wont have to worry about the suns running out of energy for another several
25、billion years or so. Besides begin an endless source of energy, the use of the sun has other advantages as well. The sun doesnt offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel plants add to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need sources of energ
26、y, but we wont need as much. That means we can cut down on our pollution problems. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Energy from coal would not pollute our living environment. B) Energy from natural gas would not pollute our living environment. C) Energy from the sun would not pollute
27、 our living environment. D) Energy from oil would not pollute our living environment.,通过上例可以看出，理解文章细节的特点是：大多数正确答案都可从阅读材料中找到对应文字去证实。但需注意的是，这些问题的表述常常不采用文章中的原话，而是使用同义词语来进行提问。因此，在回答问题时要仔细审题，用快读法(Skimming)浏览全文，找到文章中相应的部分，然后用扫描法(Scanning)去寻找考题的有关内容。切勿脱离短文而根据其他背景知识或自己的想象去选择答案。常见的句型有： Which of the following
28、 statements is (not) true (correct)? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3. All of the following are true except _.,4. The author (or The passage) states that _. 5. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) _? （三）猜测词义（10年12月57,58,64,都是猜词） 形式一：词汇题 第一
29、，从构词法猜测词义 （1）词缀 前缀 B. 后缀 C.词根,Root meaning example vis see visible vit life vitalize son sound stereosonic sci know conscientious pel push compellable nomin name nominator mot death immortality loqu speak colloquialism lingu language bilingualism insul island peninsular gon angle pentagon,（2）合成法 如：b
30、lack-market deaf-mute bloodstrain （3）混合法混合法就是把一组词各截取一部分从而构成一个新的单词。例如： Amerind: American+Indian advertistics: advertising+statistics sitcom: situation+comedy psywar: psychological+warfare smog: smoke+fog Spanglish: Spanish+English 第二，从上下文猜测词义,利用上下文猜词义有下列几种： （1）根据定义或解释猜词义 例：Precipitation, commonly referred to as rain fall, is a measure of the quantity of water in the form of either rain, hail, or snow which reaches the ground. （2）利用反义词猜词义 例：Parents who constantly whip their children can hardly be called lenient. （3）根据上下文猜词义 例：,
