1、2019/6/7,by LOU,Xinyue,动词的时态和语态,Tenses and Voices CET-4 Coaching,内容,一. 动词的时态 二. 动词的语态 三. 情态动词,时态的学习重点,1. 动词的各种形式：过去式，过去分词，现在分词 2. 动词时态的用法、构成形式 3. 四级主要考点,时态概述,英语动词的时态主要由两部分构成： 时 + 体 = 时态 动词的“时”（tense, 即时间）：有“现在”，“过去”，“将来”和“过去将来”四种； “体”（aspect, 即状态）：有“一般体”，“进行体”，“完成体”和“完成进行体”四种。 时间与状态交错搭配，构成16种时态。 目前人
2、们主要应用的时态有12种。,常用的12种时态,1。一般现在时 2。一般过去时 3。一般将来时 4。现在进行时 5。过去进行时 6。将来进行时,7。现在完成时 8。过去完成时 9。将来完成时 10。现在完成进行时 11。过去完成进行时 12。过去将来时,一般体,所谓一般体表示：既不“进行”，又不“完成”。 一般体中按时间分为一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时，分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态；以及将要发生的动作与情况。,一般现在时,用法： 1. 用来表示经常发生的情况、习惯性动作； He always gets up at six. She likes watching TV at
3、home. 2. 表示真理 The teacher told us that the earth is round. Time and tide wait for no man. 时不我待 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔，频迁不聚财。,一般现在时学习重点：,1. 动词第三人称单数的构成 动词原形 + -s / -es 2. 一般现在时在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示一般将来时e.g when I grow up I ll be a dancer.Ill thank you I you give me a lift.,back,一般过去时,用法：表
4、示过去某时刻发生的事情。 学习重点： 1. 动词过去式的构成 （1）规则动词 + -ed （2）不规则动词的变化 2. Used to do sth. 3. 表示过去将来时。,动词过去式的构成,规则动词 1. 一般情况：+ -ed 2. 以e结尾的词：+ -d agreeagreed; useused 3. 以“辅音+ y”结尾的动词，yi, + -ed studystudied；replyreplied 4. 重读闭音节，双写尾字母，再加-ed planplanned；stopstopped 例外：mixmixed; fixfixed,不规则动词 dodiddone; gowentgone
5、comecamecome; runranrun cutcutcut; bringbroughtbrought; buyboughtbought teachtaughttaught thinkthoughtthought telltoldtold; sellsoldsold makemademade sitsatsat; saysaidsaid speakspokespoken; taketooktaken seesawseen; eatateeaten singsangsung; ringrangrung,back,Used to do sth,表示过去常常做某事，现在已然不做了 I used
6、 to get up at six, but now I tend to sleep late. He used to smoke a pipe. 对比： (1 ) be / get / become used to doing sth. 习惯于 I am used to the new way of living. Dont worry. Youll get used to the work soon. (2) Use的被动语态 Nowadays, plastics is widely used to replace iron and cloth.,Used to 否定式与疑问式,1. 用d
7、id作助动词 He did not use to smoke a pipe.Did he use to smoke a pipe? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He used to smoke a pipe, didnt he?,2. 直接用used to He used not to smoke a pipe.Used he to smoke a pipe? Yes, he used to. No, he used not to./ usednt to.,back,一般过去时表示过去将来时,I decide to go to the library as soon
8、as I _. (1991,6) A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing Key: D 解析：由于as soon as引导的是时间状语从句，要求用一般过去时表示过去将来要发生的动作或情况。在条件状语从句中，有同样要求。,back,一般将来时,用法：表示将来要发生的事情。 学习重点： 1。表示将来的句型 （1）be going to do sth. 计划、安排要做的事 She is going to visit her aun
9、t tomorrow. （2）be about to do sth. 表示正打算做某事，即将发生的动作。,表示将来的句型：,（3）be to do sth. 表示必然或计划好了要做的事 Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation. (1996,6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left Key: D解析：that引导的宾语从句表现的是将来计划中准备做的事情，所以用be to do sth.表示。从句中的
10、主语是much of his collection并且它与谓语动词leave之间是被动的关系，所以选择D。,（4）be on the point of doing sth. 正打算/准备做某事 Harry was on the point of leaving when the telegram arrived.,2。句型结构：“祈使句+ and (or) +单句”祈使句表示隐含的条件，单句常用一般将来时。 Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced fam
11、ilies. (1995,1) a. are often seeing b. often see c. will often see d. have often seen Key: C,back,进行体的表现形式：,Be（助动词）+ doing（动词的现在分词） 动词的时态由be的变化来体现： （1）现在进行时： Am/ is / are doing sth. （2）过去进行时： Was / were doing sth. （3）将来进行时： Shall / will be doing sth.,进行体的学习重点：,现在分词的构成： 1. 一般情况：动词+ -ing workworking；s
12、tudystudying 2. 以e结尾的动词，去掉e, + -ing comecoming；liveliving dancedancing；makemaking,3. 重读闭音节：双写尾字母，+ -ing planplanning；runrunning beginbeginning；cutcutting 4. 少数几个以ie结尾的动词，把ie变成y, + -ing diedying；lielying；tietying,back,现在进行时,用法： 1。表示现在正在发生的事情。 He is teaching in a high school. We are having our English
13、 class now. 2。与always, constantly, continually, again等频度副词连用，强调某一动作或情况频繁、反复发生，可以表达说话者的感情色彩（如：赞叹、厌烦、不满等）。 She is always complaining about the food in the school dining hall/ canteen. 3。表示将来计划要将要发生的事情,过去进行时,用法： 过去某一时刻正在发生的情况或动作 例如： I was watching TV when he called.,将来进行时,用法： 将来某一时刻肯定会发生的动作或情况。 I shall
14、 be studying in this university at this time next year.,完成体的表现形式：,have（助动词）+ done（动词的过去分词） 动词的时态变化由Have的变化来体现： 1。现在完成时：Have / has done 2。过去完成时：had done 3。将来完成时：shall / will have done,完成体的学习重点：,动词过去分词的构成= 过去式的构成（在规则动词的情况下） ：动词 + -ed 不规则动词的过去分词 见字典后附表,back,现在完成时,用法： 表示从过去某个时刻开始，持续到现在的动作。强调的是对于现在情况的影响。
15、 I have learned English for ten years. They have learned English since 1998. 对比： He began to English ten years ago/ in 1998.,现在完成时与表示一段时间的状语连用时，不能用于表示短暂动作的动词，如：Break, open, die, leave, come, arrive等。 常用于现在完成时的时间状语： In the past / last few days / years在过去的几天/年里 By now, up till / to now, so far, up to
16、present, 到目前为止 Yet, recently, lately 近来 Since + 时间点 For + 时间段,现在完成时的学习重点,1。用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示在将来一个动作完成之前已经完成的动作。 I shall play football as soon as I have finished my homework. The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.,2。句型This / It is the first (second) time that
17、 ，从句中用现在完成时 This is the first time that I have seen such a beautiful scene. It is the second time that he has been at home since married. 对比： That was the first time that I had seen such a beautiful scene.,back,过去完成时,用法：过去的某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作或状态，或表示从过去某一事件开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作。 We _ our breakfast when an
18、old man came to the door. (1990,1) A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had Key: D,过去完成时的学习重点,1。用于Hope, mean, intend, want, suppose等动词时，表示过去没有实现的想法、愿望等。 I had hoped to give her some flowers, but I didnt manage it. We had expected that they would come the next day, but they did n
19、ot.,We _ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. (1994,1) A. have hoped B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope Key: C 解析：题干中的动词hope应该发生在had之前，所以时态应该选择过去完成时。,2。句型no soonerthan, scarcely / hardly when “一就” 注意三点： （1）时态：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 （2）倒装：否定词放在句首要求倒装，将助动词had提到主语前面。 （3）搭配： Scarcely h
20、ad he finished the paper when the bell rang. No sooner had I seen the lightning than I heard the thunder.,back,将来完成时,用法：表示在将来某一时刻以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。句中通常会有一个由by引导的表示将来时间的状语。 By the time we arrive there, they will have left for Shanghai. 对比： By the time we arrived there, they had already left for Shang
21、hai.,“May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?” “Im sorry. Mr. Williams _ to a conference long before then.” (2000,6) A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone Key: A,back,完成进行体的表现形式,Have been（助动词）+ doing（现在分词） 动词的时态变化由Have been表示： 1。现在完成进行时： have / has bee
22、n doing 2。过去完成进行时： Had been doing,现在完成进行时,用法：表示从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能要继续进行下去。强调动作的延续性。 She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long. (2000,1) A. has been reading B. is reading C. had read D. read Key: A,现在完成进行时与现在完成时的 区别：,现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时注重动作的结果，对现在的影响。 对比： I have been wri
23、ting letters the whole morning. I have written ten letters the whole morning.,back,过去完成进行时,用法：表示过去某个时间已经开始而又延续到另一过去时间的动作。强调动作的延续性。 When he got to the bus stop, I had been waiting there for 40 minutes. Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.,back,过去将来时,用法： 1。表示在
24、过去某一时间看来将要发生的事情。 表现形式：should / would do sth. 2。也可以用来表示过去习惯性的动作 例如： When he came into a restaurant, he would order a soup.,3。还可以用下列句型表示计划、打算或一定要进行的动作： (1) was / were going to do sth. (2) was / were (about) to do sth. I was about to leave when the phone rang. Since I was to leave the next day, I went
25、to bed earlier than usual.,back,四级考试中的主要考点,1。各种完成时 2。时间状语从句与条件状语从句中将来时的表达 （1）一般现在时表示一般将来时 （2）一般过去时表示过去将来时 （3）现在完成时表示将来完成时 3。复合句中时态的搭配,考试中，动词的时态经常通过句子中的时间状语、上下文或隐含在句子中的时间关系来确定。所以备考时，一定要注意下列几点： （1）宾语从句中的动词时态要与主句的时态搭配。 当主句谓语动词为现在或将来各种时态时，从句可按说话人的意思选用任何时态；但是，当主句谓语动词为过去各种时态时，从句必须采用过去的某一时态。例外情况：当从句说的是一般真理
26、时，仍用一般现在时。 （2）除宾语从句外的其他从句的谓语时态，要按实际情况而定。,back,被动语态,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 被动语态的用法：构成：be + done （动词的过去分词） 动词的时态由助动词be的时态变化完成。,被动语态常用的有8种时态：,1。一般现在时 2。一般过去时 3。一般将来时 4。过去将来时,5。现在进行时 6。过去进行时 7。现在完成时 8。过去完成时,被动语态的学习重点：,1。被动语态的进行体 2。带双宾语动词的被动语态 3。短语动词的被动语态 4。动词复合结构的被动语态 5。情态动词的被动语态 6。主动形式表示被动意义
27、,back,被动语态的进行体,现在进行时 Am / is / are being done 过去进行时 was / were being done,The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now. (1996,1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed Key: C 解析：时间状语now表示谓语动作是现在正在进行的动作，同时主语与谓语之间是被动关系，所以选
28、择C。,back,带双宾语的动词的被动语态,带有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态时，可以将其中的任何一个宾语 变为主语，另一个宾语保持不变。但是为了方便起见，一般将间接宾语（即指示人的宾语）变为主语。请对比： 主动语态：He gave me a book. 被动语态I was given a book. / A book was given to me. 主动语态：He gave a book to me. 被动语态A book was given to me.,短语动词的被动语态,短语动词指动词+介词，动词+副词，动词+名词+介词等构成的固定词组。如：send for, pay attentio
29、n to, take care of, turn off等。 含有短语动词的主动句变为被动语态时，需把短语动词看成一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词等成分。 We will put off the meeting till next week.（主动） The meeting will be put off till next week.（被动）,动词复合结构的被动语态,带有复合结构的主动语态变成被动语态时，需将原复合结构中的宾语变为主语，而宾语补足语不变。这时，原来的宾语补足语就相应地变为了主语补足语。 The teacher advised me to read English aloud
30、 every day. （主动） I was advised to read English aloud every day. （被动）,注意： 在主动语态中，有些动词，如：Make, see, hear, watch等，要求不定式做后面的宾语补足语时，去掉to；但在被动语态中， 需要把to还原。请对比： 主动语态： The boss made the clerks work 10 hours yesterday 被动语态： The clerks were made to work 10 hours 主动语态：I saw him go upstairs. 被动语态：He was seen to
31、 go upstairs. 主动语态：I heard him sing in the next room. 被动语态：He was heard to sing in ,back,情态动词的被动语态,表现形式：情态动词 + be done 例如： We can finish the work in time. （主动） This work can be finished in time. （被动）,主动形式表示被动意义,英语中有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义。 1。否定句中 The door wont open. The clock doesnt work. 2。动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
32、The exhibition is worth visiting. The bike needs repairing. The walls want white washing.,3。不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 The book is easy to read. I have nothing to do now. 4。动词+ 副词 The novel sells quickly. The pen writes well. The car drives easily. 5。动词+ 形容词 The dish smells nice. The fish tastes delicious.,This
33、 kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably. (2000,1) A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn Key: B 解析：动词wash, wear, peel, sell等不及物动词作谓语时，且主语是物而非人时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。,back,情态动词,情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。 情态动词包括can，may，must，need，dare，ought to，should等，没有人称和数的变化，后面接不带t
34、o的不定式。,情态动词的学习重点,1。情态动词的基本用法 2。情态动词构成的常用词组与结构 3。情态动词表示推测 4。情态动词+ have done,情态动词的常见词组与结构,1。与can有关的惯用语： cannot help doing sth.（禁不住）， cant help but do（不得不）， cannot / cant too（越越好、怎么也不过分） as as one can / possible（尽可能） as as can be（非常）,例句： as as one can / possible（尽可能） as as can be（非常） On hearing his jok
35、e, we cannot help laughing. 听了他的笑话，我们禁不住大笑起来。 You cannot be too careful when crossing the street. 过马路时，再怎么小心也不为过。 We should read as many books as we can while (we are) young. 我们应该趁年轻尽量多读书。 He is as honest as can be. 他非常诚实。,2。与may有关的惯用语： may well do sth.（大可以；有足够的理由），may /might（just）as well（还是的好、不妨） 例
36、如： You may well be proud of your success. 你大可以你的成功为荣。 You may well think so. 你有理由这么想。 You may as well talk with your teacher. 你不妨和你的老师谈谈。,If you dont like to swim, you _ stay at home. (1995,1) A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well Key: B,3。与would相关的惯用语： would rather (than)
37、 宁愿（而不愿）。 例如：I would rather sleep than watch TV.,back,情态动词表示推测,情态动词must, may (might), can (could)可以用来表示推测。Must和may表示肯定的推测，而can则表示否定的推测。 表现形式 1。对于现在情况的推测： 情态动词 + 动词原形（do ） 2。对于过去情况的推测： 情态动词 + 动词的完成形式（have done）,must,1。must表示对现在情况最肯定的判断和推测，“一定，肯定”。 （1）对现在情况的推测：must + do （动词原形） He must be over 40 now.
38、You must be hungry after the long walk. Jane must be feeling excited.,（2）对过去情况的推测：must + have done （动词的完成形式） You screamed in your sleep last night. You must have had a nightmare. 注意： must用来推测时，否定形式一般是cant，而不用mustnt。 He cant be at home now. 他现在不可能在家。,May / might,表示比较肯定的推测。语气没有must强。 （1）对现在情况的肯定推测 She
39、 might still be thinking about the questions you raised. （2）对于过去情况的肯定推测 I cant find my glasses. I may (might) have left them somewhere in my hotel room.,Can / could,表示否定的推测。 （1）对现在情况的否定推测 “No, it cant be true.” She cant be playing tennis now. （2）对过去情况的否定推测 He couldnt have said so. 他当时不可能这么说。,You _ h
40、er in her office last Friday; she has been out of town for two weeks. (1996,1) A. neednt have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. cant have seen Key: D,back,情态动词+动词完成体,表示发生在过去的情况。 1. could + have + -ed分词 （1）表示与事实相反，本来有能力做某事却没做。 He could have helped you, but why didnt you ask him? 他本来可以帮你的，但
41、你为什么没向他求助呢？ （2）cant / couldnt + have + -ed分词：表示对过去某事的否定推测。,Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying at home, but they decided not to work for the sake of family. (2000,1) A. must take B. should have made C. would make D. could have made Key: D 译文：有些妇女本来可以找到一份高薪工作，而不是呆在家里，但是她们选择为了家庭放弃了工
42、作。,2. must + have + -ed分词： 推测过去必定发生过某事，语气相当肯定，意为“肯定、一定”。,3. may /might + have + -ed分词： （1）表示本来可能发生，但实际上并没有发生的情况；表示感叹、遗憾、建议、要求、批评。 例如： You might have told us about it earlier. = You told us too late. 你本来可以早点儿告诉我们此事的。（你说得太晚了。） （2）推测过去可能发生过某事，相当于“大概、可能”。,4. should (ought to) + have + -ed分词： 表示过去本应该做某事，
43、但是没做；should not + have + -ed分词： 表示过去本不应该做的事情，却做了。 例如： You should have called me yesterday afternoon. 你本应该昨天下午给我打电话的。 He ought to have come yesterday, but he didnt.,5 need (not) + have + -ed分词： 表示原来有必要（或没必要）做的事情却没有（已经）做了。 例如： You neednt have come so early. 你本不必这么早来的。 6would + have + -ed分词： 经常用于虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。 例如：If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.,back,You _ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of things. (1991,6) A. neednt have done B. must not have done C. shouldnt have done D. cannot have done Key: A,End,Goodbye!,
