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时态语态.ppt

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1、语法,时态、语态、非谓语词、状语从句、名词从句、虚拟语气和定语从句,适合中国人的英语语法,英文和我们中文最大的不同,是在动词。我们中文的动词很简单,没有所谓的第几人称,也没有复数和单数之分,更没有过去式或进行式。英文可不同了,凡是用动词的时候,必须注意很多很多的规则,一旦弄错了,常常是犯了大错。,规则(1):两个动词是不能联在一起用的。在中文,我们常说“我是爱你的”,翻成英文,这就变成了I am love you. (x) 滑稽的是,这句英文句子犯了大忌,因为am是动词,love也是动词,两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话的正确说法是:I love you. 或者 I am in love w

2、ith you. 我们中国人也会说我喜欢看电视,翻成英文,这变成I love watch television. (x) 这个句子也犯了同样的错。 以下几个句子都是错的,因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形: I hate eat fish. (x) I love play basketball. (x) I love swim. (x),规则(2):如果一定要同时用两个动词,后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。 “我爱游泳”,因此有两种正确的译法:I love to swim.I love swimming.以下的句子都是正确的:I hate to eat fish.I h

3、ate eating fish.I love to play basketball.I love playing basketballI keep going to church.,规则(3): 主语如果是第三人称,现在式及单数,动词必须加s或es. 我们中国人最不容易记得的规则,恐怕就是这一条了,以下的句子都是错的。 He write very well. (x)Jack love playing the violin. (x) Mary swim every day. (x) 正确的句子是:He writes very well.Jack loves playing the violin.

4、Mary swims every day.,规则(4):决大多数否定的句子,不能直接加“not”。 我们中文对否定语气,规则极为简单,我们可以说“我不爱你”,但是我们不能说 I not love you. (x) 我们也不能说: I not saw that movie. (x) I not like swimming. (x) He not likes playing violin. (x)我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子,以下才是正确的否定句子:I do not love you.I did not see that movie.He does not like playing vio

5、lin.请注意,在以上的句子中,do和did都是助动词,do是现在式,did是过去式。,助动词不限于“do”和它的变型,can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助动词,因此,以下的英文句子又都是对的:He can not swim.They will not go to church tomorrow .Mary should not go to the party.I shall not see you.He may not go out tonight.He must not eat meat any more.,规则(5):在不定词“to”的后面,必须用原形动词

6、英文中的动词,是会变化的,以have为例,第一人称和第三人就不同:I have a dog.He has a dog.如果是过去式,动词又要变化。have的过去式是had,不论第几人称,一概都要用had.几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化,以下是几个例子:现在式 过去式go wentcome cameeat ateplay playedswim swam不论那一个动词,都有一个原形动词,一切都是从这个动词原形变出来的,像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形动词。如果我们有必要要用不定词to,就必须用原形动词,例如to go、to drink、to have,都是

7、正确的,to went;to drank;to loved等等都是错的。,英文中有一个动词最为麻烦,那就是am、are、is、was、were等等,翻译成中文,都是动词,而这些动词的来源都是be,所以我们说这些动词都是verb to be. 以下的句子都用上了beI want to be a teacher.He wants to be a good father.They all love to be rich.No one likes to be poor.,动词,1) 表示动作中状态的词。2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(L

8、ink Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。(has是助动词。),3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明:同一动词有时可作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:She can dance and sing.

9、她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。),4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,

10、分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。,5)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Form in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。,不规则动词的类别,每个学习英语的人都会在不同阶段或多或少碰到不规则动词所带来的麻烦,特别是在形态拼写方面。 不规则动词里是不是杂乱无序的动词呢?当然不是;实际上是乱中有序、有条不紊的。,首先,不规则动词是针对规则动词不词而言。

11、大家知道,规则动词(regular verbs)的过去式(the past form)和过去分词(the past participle)都一样的要加上“ -ed/-d”,如:a. Jason worked until five oclock(过去式)b. Have you worked late?(过去分词)a. Xiao Lin decided to go abroad(过去式)b. Has his wife decided to join him ?(过去分词)不规则动词则不然;它们的过去式和过去分词并不一致,学习时要集中精神,一一加以辨别,才可避免错误。,语法学家根据动词“原形、过去式

12、、过去分词”三形式上的变化,把不规则动词划分为下列类别:三种形式都相同第一类的包括下列这些常见动词: cut-cut-cut ; hurt-hurt-hurt ; put-put-put; shut-shut-shut; cost-cost-cost; burst-burst-burst (冲破、爆炸); hit-hit-hit; cast-cast-cast(扔;投;抛); set-set-set; let-let-let.例如:a. Dont go on blowing the balloon! It will burst.b. One of his car tyres had a nai

13、l and it burst.,其中两种形式相同第二类可分为十一小类;下面是其中常见的四种: bind-bound-bound(捆绑); find-found-found bring-brought-brought; think-thought-thought buy-bought-bought; seek-sought-sought dig-dug-dug; strike-struck-struck; swing-swung-swung; bend-bent-bent; build-built-built;lend-lent-lent; send-sent-sent; spend-spent

14、-spent例如:a. You have to bend your head when you bow.b The mechanic (技工)bent the wire and broke it.c. Here comes the woman bending down with age.,第三类可再分为八小类,如下: take-took-taken; shake-shook-shaken; wake-woke-waken hide-hid-hidden; bite-bit-bitten tear-tore-torn; bear-bore-born(被动)/ borne(主动) choose-c

15、hose-chosen; speak-spoke-spoken know-knew-known; blow-blew-blown write-wrote-written; drive-drove-driven drink-drank-drunk; begin-began-begun; swim-swam-swum; ring-rang-rung; sing-sang-sung; sink-sank-sunk; show-showed-showed/shown; swell-swelled/swollen(胀大)例如:a. Can you write down your name?b. I wr

16、ote it there, didnt I?c. Have you written to John, who is now in New York?,二、语法结构,大纲要求 主要测试句法结、构词法和词形变化。考试重点:非谓语动词,词性转换、时态语态和虚拟语气。也考查定语从句、固定搭配、介词等。 选择题: 共10个,分值5分。填空题,共10个,分值10分。语法结构测试时间15分钟。,1、时态,一般现在时,表示人和事物的特征;经常性、习惯性的动作(often, usually, always, every day)。用于时间和条件从句中,代替一般将来时。 If it _ (be) fine tom

17、orrow, we will play tennis.“出发,到达”(arrives, am/is/are, begins, goes, leaves, starts, stays),表示按计划将要发生。事实和真理。文章标题、说明和介绍,is,一般过去时,表过去的动作、状态或习惯(ago, just now, yesterday, last year)对现在或将来的虚拟 It is (about/high) time (that) we _ (take) a rest.,took,一般将来时,将要发生的动作、情况或习惯。 We shall come every year.揣测( 应该) The

18、 man in the middle will be the minister.表将来时的几个短语 be going to: 口语,表打算、即将、决心或可能 be to do: 表计划安排或征求意见 When are you to hand in your plan? be about to do: 表即将,无时间状语,现在进行时,正在进行的动作或状态。按计划近期将发生的动作(go, leave, come, meet, arrive)。带有不愉快的感情色彩。 Tom is always coming late for class.短暂行为 Stop laughing! I am just b

19、eing serious/Kidding!,过去进行时,过去正在进行的行为, 有特定的时间状语。 We were talking when the teacher came in.表过去将要发生的动作。 They said they were coming.,将来进行时,将来某一刻的动作或状态。 This time next week Ill be on vacation. Probably I _ (lie) on a beautiful beach. 预测不久将要发生的事情。 I believe he will be coming soon.某种可能。 He will be telling

20、 you about that tomorrow.,will be lying,现在完成时,过去的动作对现在的影响(just, recently, lately, yet, already, ever, so far, for, since, by the end of this month)在时间和条件从句中表将来完成 I will go to your home when I have finished my homework. It/This is the first/second time that It/This is the best time / worst/most 等最高级+

21、名词+that This is the most interesting book Ive ever read.,过去完成时,过去的过去(by the end of last month, before)常用句型 hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan It/This was the first/second time that It/This was the best time / worst/most 等最高级+名词+that This was the most interesting book Id ever read.,将来完成时,到将来某时为止的一直有的

22、动作 By the time you get to Shanghai tomorrow, I _ (leave) for Chongqing.揣测(应该) He will have arrived at the company by now.,will have left,现在完成进行时,从过去到现在一直在进行且还在继续(for hours, since the morning, all the time) Linda feels exhausted because she has been having so many visitors today.,过去完成进行时,过去的动作持续到过去某时

23、且还在继续 We had been waiting for him for two hours by the time he came.,2、语态,表示主语与谓语的关系,被动语态的用法 不必说动作的执行者或动作的对象是谈话的中心。 修辞的需要。 The super star appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,被动语态的运用 主动表被动(wash, clean, cook, look, sell, read, feel, drive, write) The book sells well. 有些动词(need, require, want, worth, deserve) +v-ing, 表被动 The book is worth reading. 动词(make, feel, see, hear, notice)变被动后加to They were made _ (work) day and night.,to work,

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