1、Chapter 31 / 32：Subordination (I) / (II),I. Purposes: 1. To help the students understand and use Subordination correctly. 2. To encourage them to do as much more exercises as possible.,II. Learning Points,Adverbial clauses are those that perform the function of adverbial in a complex sentence. Seman
2、tically, this kind of clause can be subdivided into adverbial clauses of time, place, manner, cause, result, purpose, condition, and concession.,II. Learning Points,1Clause of Time: when, after, before, until when, after, before, until，在用于两个先后发生的事态时，可以互换使用。例如：,II. Learning Points:,When I reached the
3、 station, the train had already left. I reached the station after the train had left. I did not reach the station until /after the train had left. The train had left before I reached the station.,II. Learning Points,两个同时发生的事件，如不是一次性而是重复性，即过去或现在的习惯当中，可用if, when, whenever 互换。例如：,II. Learning Points,If
4、 he goes to town, he brings us a present. (p.528) = When / Whenever he goes to town, he brings us a present.,II. Learning Points,两个同时发生的事件，如都有延续性，且延续时间大致相等，用when, while。 例如： The wind blew hard when the rain poured down. While I read, she sang.,II. Learning Points,2. Clause of Cause: because , for, s
5、ince, as, now that 表示直接理由，可以用because , for。例如： We hurried because / for it was getting dark.,II. Learning Points,Notes:because 位置较灵活，可置于主句前，也可 置于其后；for的位置较固定，置于主句之 后。Because 还可回答 why 提出的问题。 例如：,II. Learning Points,The doctor looks tired and sleepy because he sat up all night with the patient. = Beca
6、use he sat up all night with the patient, the doctor looks tired and sleepy. = The doctor sat up all night with the patient, so he looks tired and sleepy. = The doctor looks tired and sleepy, for he sat up all night with the patient.,II. Learning Points, Why do you learn English? Because I like it v
7、ery much.,II. Learning Points,He did not come to class yesterday because he was ill. = Because he was ill, he did not come to class yesterday. = He was ill, so he did not come to class yesterday. =He did not come to class yesterday for he was ill.,II. Learning Points,由于since, as 表示已知的原因，所以常出现在句首。例如：
8、 Since he works hard, he has made much progress. As I often go there, I know something about the city. As she was ill, she could not go with us.,II. Learning Points,now that常常出现在句首。例如：Now that everybody is here, lets begin.Now that you have been there many times, please tell us something interesting
9、 about it.As/Since I was in the same class as Tom, I know him well.,II. Learning Points,3. Clause of Condition: unless / if not 若unless 引导的从句是肯定句，就可与if not 互换使用。例如：,II. Learning Points,Unless you oil the motor regularly (= If you do not oil the motor regularly), it wont run smoothly.We cant write to
10、 Mr. White unless he sends us his address (= if he doesnt send us his address).I wont go unless you go (= if you dont go).,II. Learning Points,若unless 引导的从句是否定句或表示非真实的条件时，不能与if not 互换使用。例如： You will get a good grade in the course unless you dont do your homework. They couldnt afford to live in such
11、an expensive apartment unless they were rich.,II. Learning Points,4. Clause of Concession: although, though, as（用though 有下列四种情况） 从句中出现固定搭配 even though 时，用though。例如：,II. Learning Points,I must do it right now even though I meet with many difficulties. I forgot my appointment even though my secretary
12、reminded me several times.,II. Learning Points,当从句指一种臆想的情况（即假设或虚拟）时，用though。例如： Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. Though everybody desert you, I will not.,II. Learning Points,从句出现倒装时，用though / as。例如： Difficult though / as the task was, they managed to complete
13、it in time. Clever though he was, he failed the exam.,II. Learning Points,Although he is old, he works very hard. = Old though he is, he works very hard. = Old as he is, he works very hard.,II. Learning Points,在非正式语体（口语）中做连接性状语时，用though，且常常置于句尾。例如： They will probably agree; we never know, though. Sh
14、e said she would come; she didnt, though. He did not tell me where he had been, but I knew it, though.,II. Learning Points,5. Clause of Purpose and Result: sothat, so that： so(that)表示“结果”, 而so (that）既能表示“目的”又能表示“结果”。二者的区别在于：,II. Learning Points,在口语中停顿，在文字中用逗号，表示“结果”，否则表示“目的”。例如： We all arrived at ei
15、ght, so that the meeting began promptly. Well come at eight so that the meeting can begin early.,II. Learning Points:, so that 结构中有情态助动词，表示“目的”，否则表示“结果”。例如： I am going to the lecture early so that I will get a good seat. （目的） I went to the lecture early, so that I got a good seat. （结果）,II. Learning
16、Points:, so that 结构表示“目的”时，既可以置于句尾也可以置于句首，而表示“结果”则只能置于句尾。例如： Tom spoke loudly so that he could be heard in the hall.（目的）,II. Learning Points:,So that he could be heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly.（目的） = In order that he could be heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly.（目的） = In order to be heard in th
17、e hall, Tom spoke loudly.（目的）,II. Learning Points:,Tom spoke loudly, so that he was heard in the hall.（结果） = Tom spoke so loudly that he could be heard in the hall.（结果）,II. Learning Points:,在正式语体中间或也能单用 that 表示“结果”。例如： He must have annoyed you very much that you spoke to him like that. = He must hav
18、e annoyed you very much for you spoke to him like that. What have I done that you should be so angry with me. = What have I done for you to be so angry with me.,II. Learning Points:,6. 由 when, if, unless 等引导的时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时替代一般将来时。例如：,II. Learning Points:,I will phone you when I get to France. = I
19、 will phone you if I get to France. I wont go unless you go with me. = I wont go if you dont go with me. = If you dont go with me, I wont go either.,7. 从句、不定式、-ing分词表示“目的、结果”状语: (so that / sothat / in order that / in order to / so as to / soas to),II. Learning Points,Tom spoke loudly so that he coul
20、d be heard in the hall. = So that he could be heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly. = Tom spoke so loudly that he could be heard in the hall.,II. Learning Points,= In order that he could be heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly. = In order to be heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly. = Tom spoke loudly s
21、o as to be heard in the hall. = Tom spoke so loudly as to be heard in the hall. = Being heard in the hall, Tom spoke loudly.,II. Learning Points,8 asso 是固定搭配： As his name is, so is he. 人如其名。 As the desert is like sea, so is the camel like a ship.沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。,As is the teacher, so is the pupil. 有其师必有其徒。 As is the father / mother, so is the son / daughter. 有其父必有其子。/ 有其母必有其女。 As you treat me, so I shall treat you. 你怎样对待我，我怎样对待你。（以牙还牙）,
