1、Writing Techniques in CET-4,1. 时间与篇幅 2. 段落框架模式 3. 篇章写作要领 4. 句式的使用 5. 词语的选择 6. 例句和范文,I.合理分配时间与篇幅,A. 合理分配时间(共30),30,6审题列纲,20 写作,4 检查,B. 合理分配篇幅(共3段),3段,para1 3句话左右,para2 5-6句话,para3 3-4句话,II. The Structure of An Essay,A Paragraph,An Essay,III. 篇章写作要领,一Introducing Paragraph开篇明义，要用具有概括性的语言围绕一个中心来写，内含表达全文
2、中心的主旨句（topic sentence). 二Body Paragraph(s)是一篇文章的主体部分，是最能展现写作水平的部分。展开的内容要提前思考成熟，最好列出点来（即列点法），以求思路清晰，句句相连，逻辑性强。展开方法和关联词语（启，承，转，合）要运用得当。 三Concluding paragraph总结归纳全文大意，与篇首的主旨句相呼应。注意：归纳句决不能简单重复主旨句内容，更不能把主旨句照抄一遍，而应当变换句式，从内容的深度和广度进一步拓展。,A) How to begin,1) 直接翻译法（把outline直接翻译成topic sentence作为开头） 2) 设问句开头 3)
3、阐述说明或议论对象的重要性及地位E.g. _ plays an important role(part) in _.Its well-known (clear,true,said) that _.As we know/ As everybody knows,_.Its very important for _ to _.Nothing can be more important than _.,4） 以谚语开头As the proverb goes, _. Thats to say, _. ( In other words, _)There is a proverb that says “ _
4、“. e.g. 一篇题为Honesty的作文， 以上述四种方式开头如下： 1）Honesty is one of the most valuable characters of human beings. 2) What is honesty? Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. 3) Honesty plays an important role in society. 4) As the proverb goes, “ Honesty is the best policy.“,对作文题的处理
5、,淡化题目的提问形式 E.g. Some people prefer eating at food stands or restaurants while other people prefer preparing and eating food at home. Whats your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your preference.,错误的落笔方法(a) I prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants because eating should be mor
6、e than just satisfying our stomach.(b) I prefer to prepare and eat food at home because eating at home is healthier and more economical. 正确的落笔方法(a) Eating at restaurants means more than just satisfying our stomach, for it brings us joy and comfort.(b) Unlike eating at restaurants which is costly and
7、 less clean,eating at home is healthier and more economical.,作文题的提问形式总是给人以错觉，以为题目要求应试者就问题做出回答。写作文的人很容易在动笔写作的时候，一下笔就先回答问题，忽视了自己是在写文章这一回事。用正确的落笔方法来表示自己的看法， 在写文章的 时候， 更具艺术性，反映写作人的语言造诣更高。 E.g. Can Money Buy Happiness? (95.1)Do “ Lucky Numbers“ Really Bring Good Luck? (98.6) How I Finance My College Educ
8、ation ? (00,1)Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (00,6),B) How to develop ： 1. 列举法 ( Listing) ( a),Pattern: Topic sentence. There are _ kinds of _. First, _. Second,_. Third, _. In short, _.e.g. The Tape Recorder (1989.1)The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices
9、 ever invented. This device is useful in many ways Similar expressions: 表类别： ways, points, types, results,表顺序：(1) First, Second, Third, (2) Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Lastly, (3)First of all (To begin with), next,finally, 表递进或承接：besides, in addition, whats more, moreover, furthermore, especially, m
10、ore importantly, particularly 表总结：in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, in general, to sum up,(b) 两点法:,用于较短的段落，只陈述两点。常用的关联词语有:(1) For one thing, For another, (2) On one hand, On the other hand, (3) In the first place, In the second place, ,2. 举例法( illustration),E.g. Practice Makes Perfect (1
11、997.1)1) 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2）例如： 在英语学习中3） 又如 常见词语包括：(1) For example, (2) For instance, (3)Take for example ( for instance ), (4) is just a case in point. (5) can serve as an example.(6) such as, like,E.g. A. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer. For example/instance, his complete works were made up of
12、fifty volumes. B. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.Take his complete works for example, they were made up of fifty volumes. C. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer. A case in point is that his complete works were made up of fifty volumes. D. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer. Duri
13、ng his life time, he wrote a lot, such as/ like the Declaration of Independence.,“3. 因果论证法 (cause and effect),Pattern: Topic sentence( Why?) One reason is_. Another reason is_. As a result, _. e.g. Dont Hesitate To Say “NO“ (1999.1)Why cant some people make up their minds to say “No” when they do wa
14、nt to say so? One reason is that they are afraid of being regarded as selfish. They always hope that everyone will like them and think of them as friendly. Another reason is that they dont care the real benefits for others and the society. So they havent the bravery to say “No”. The third reason is
15、that those who ask for help may take revenge if refused. As a result, the people who are afraid of it will always be ready to help them.,表原因的表达方式：1) This is because _.2) One reason is that _.Another reason for this is _.3) This is due to the fact that _. 表原因的介词：because of, owing to,due to, as a resu
16、lt of, by virtue of, thanks to 表原因的连词：because, as, for (that reason),表结果的表达方式：连/副词：so, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence 短语：as a result, in consequence,it follows that,4. 比较对比法（comparison and contrast),Pattern:Para1: advantages of _. ( positive aspects of _.)Para2: disadvantages of _
17、. ( negative aspects of _.)Para3: your opinion. E.g. Positive And Negative Aspects of Sports (1993.1)Sports benefit us in many respects But sports can do some harm to those people who can not plan their activities properlyIn general, sports does more good than harm to peoples health,1）表转折的副词或连词: but
18、, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, otherwise, although 2) 表比较对比： like ,unlike, likewise, similarly, in the same way, in comparison with, comparatively speaking, in contrast, contrary to, in opposite, on the contrary 3） 表相反观点的表达：A. _ can also be harmful.B. There are also some disadvantages in _
19、.C. Every coin has two sides.D. But, we should also take the other side of the coin into consideration.E. We shouldnt neglect the fact that_.,在对事物进行比较时， 我们应该公正地平均分布两件事的篇幅，不应侧重于其中一方。 侧重于一方的对比：Living in big cities means a better living environment, a colorful life, more opportunities to be successful
20、whereas living in small town means a boring life. 双方均衡的对比：Living in big cities means a better living environment, a colorful life and more opportunities to be successful whereas living in small towns means unattractive living surroundings, a boring life style and few chances to success.,III. How to
21、conclude,1） 以预言结尾 2） 以呼吁结尾 3） 以简单的一两句话结尾 e.g.一篇题为Honesty的作文以上述三种方式结尾如下： Only if you take honesty as the best policy can you earn some friends. Lets keep this proverb as a rule of our actions. In short, we should keep honesty at any time. 表达自我观点的几种方式： In my opinion, in my eyes, as for me, as far as I
22、 know, as far as Im concerned,IV.句式的使用,写作中尽量使用不同的句式, 如简单句， 并列句， 复合句， 长句， 短句， 强调句， 感叹句， 以达到句型多样化， 体现写作技巧与水平。 1） 尽量以简单句， 并列句， 复合句混合使用。 e.g. A. People must stop smoking. There are several reasons for this. - There are several reasons why people must stop smoking. B. He doesnt know what happened. He doe
23、snt care what happened. - He neither knows nor cares what happened. C. I put them on my shelves. I can read them time and again. - I put them on my shelves so that I can read them time and again.,2) 尽量以长短句搭配使用 A. 长句一般是指包含从句的复合句；短句一般以不定式，分词，名词短语，介词短语，形容词短语，副词短语作状语。 想句子长，用从句，否则用短语。以下列表达目的或结果的表达方式为例：长句
24、- 短句 For fear that - for fear of In order that - in order to So that - so as to So that-soas to; enoughto; tooto Suchthat- suchas to,B. 分词，不定式，介词短语和从句间的相互转换可使句子长短相应变化。 E.g. : 分词短语：Being short of money, he cant afford to send for a doctor. 从句： Because he is short of money, he cant afford to send for
25、a doctor. 不定式短语: The question now is how to carry out the plan. 从句： The question now is how we should carry out the plan. 介词短语: We are fully aware of seriousness of the situation. 从句： We are fully aware that the situation is serious.,“（3）适当运用感叹句,E.g. A. I want my dream to come true very much.- How I
26、 want my dream to come true! B. Its a pity that some people try to get benefits by dishonest means.- What a pity it is that some people try to get benefits by dishonest means!,（4） 适当地应用强调句式,A. 运用强调句型It is(was) _ that (who) _.She( He) does (did) _. B. 改变句法顺序达到强调效果Never shall (will, should) we _.Only
27、if (when) _ can (will, could) _.,V. 1)选词造句正式化,Informal buy deep same huge thank try help end chance,formal purchase profound identical gigantic gratitude endeavor assistance terminate opportunity,正式字特征,音节多 The steak tastes delicious. (nice/yummy) Your proposal is marvelous.(great) He is an eccentric
28、 man.(weird/strange) He felt apologetic for his words.(sorry),2) 表达方式书面化,Writing a good essay is not a piece of cake. - an easy job to do. We enjoy sitting in beautiful caf.- beautifully decorated副词修饰过去分词一起作形容词比单字形容词内涵丰富得多。,3) 用形容词感染读者,Living in a big city is better than living in a small town,A col
29、orful night life Brightly lit street Paved broad highway Large incorporations More jobs and opportunities,Boring evening and night Dim small roads and paths Gravel narrow freeway Unpromising jobs,4) 避免使用有性别歧视的字眼,务必记熟的英语作文句式及作文例文,1. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard
30、work. 2. It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed. 3. To tell the truth, many mistakes we made could have been avoided. 4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved. 5. There is no doubt that others will help you if you have any difficultie
31、s.,务必记熟的英语作文句式及作文例文,6. It is certain that we have a long way to go. 7. All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims. 8. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice. 9. It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms. 10. I
32、t is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.,务必记熟的英语作文句式及作文例文,11. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English. 12. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out. 13. We will be
33、 successful as long as we persevere. 14. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries. 15. I take it for granted that they will support this idea.,务必记熟的英语作文句式及作文例文,16. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satis
34、fied with what he has achieved. 17. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 18. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 19. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldnt utter a word. 20. There is no denying the f
35、act that the new management method has greatly increased the production.,务必记熟的英语作文句式及作文例文,21. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained. 22. Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations. 23. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade go
36、ods, such as washing machines, TV sets, video-recorders. 24. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it. 25. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.,Since 1990, there has been tremendous gro
37、wth in the use of computers by students .While in 1990, the average number of hours that a student spent on the computer was about one hour per week,this number grew to a nearly four hours per week by 1995, and to approximately 20 hours per week by the year 2000.This significant growth in the use of
38、 computers by students in the1990s can be attributed to several factors ,including widespread usage , lower prices, and technological and social developments.First, computers are widely used by students for word processing, book keeping,multimedia presentations, and access to the internet for both r
39、esearch and communications. Additionally, since 1990, due to,.,competition and technological advances ,computer hardware and software prices, as well as internet usage charges have dropped significantly .Finally ,computers can enable students to have many activities,l for instance listening ,watchin
40、g movies,and sports events, and playing computer games. While computers are of great assistance to the students , they also pose some challenges. The biggest challenge that many students face is discipline in the use of this powerful device. Students should not be addicted to it. They need to use th
41、is powerful tool with great wisdom!,Love or Learning in CollegeSome college teachers argue that students should give up love for the sake of learning. They maintain that love is time-consuming and tears students away from learning - students main task. If a student falls in love, he will certainly n
42、eglect his studies and cannot catch up with his class. .,Students, however, hold that forbidding love affairs among college students is no good. They take for example some of their friends who, falling in love, study harder and make greater progress in order to please their girl (or boy) friends. So
43、me one else, on the contrary, who has not fallen in love, cannot concentrate on learning.,In my opinion, as a coin has two sides, love can be positive and negative. If you do not give yourself away in love but take it as a drive, you will make more progress in your learning and achieve much. But if
44、you forget everything else except love, then you will become a “prefect“ lover and a definite loser in your studies.,Environmental Protection Too often, the development of economy has resulted in serious environmental pollution. Much of our air and water has been polluted by industrial waste and acc
45、idents. Oil spills destroy marine life and our beaches. Power plants burning coal and gas produce pollution along with electricity. Sulfur emissions from mines and factory chimneys may result in acidic rain, which kill many life forms in pond and lake waters.,Now we have made many efforts to protect
46、 our environment. Laws have been established for environmental protection. Massive programs are launched to clear up rivers and lakes. Sewage plants have been built or improved, and tight controls are placed on industrial emissions. Consequently, we now have a cleaner and more sanitary environment.,
47、We should note, however, that environmental protection would remain a great task for us over a long time to come.It is unlikely to solve the problems once and for all. In the battle of fighting against the pollution ,we have a long way to go.,In our fast-paced world, it is almost impossible to avoid
48、 building up tension. All of us confront stress daily; anything that places an extra demand on us causes stress. We encounter it on the job, and we face it at home.,If our tension is not relieved, it can start numerous reactions, both physical and psychological. Yet, we can learn to cope with stress
49、 effectively so as to overcome such an oppressive feeling and to avoid its consequences.,. Now that we know how important leisure time is, each of us had better find an appropriate way to relax and refresh. Some people enjoy listening to classical music, while others are interested in going to rock concerts. Fortunately, people have invented countless ways of amusing themselves, and finding the way that is right for you is half the fun!,
