1、模块 高考英语阅读失误原因分析初稿技巧点拨很多情况下，考生要么没看懂所给材料，要么看懂了所给材料没选对答案，要么看懂了题干和所给材料却没看懂备选答案。这些情况都导致考生在做高考英语阅读题目时出现很多失误和错误。失误原因分析出现失误的大原因有一个：考生选择答案时违背了做阅读题的 总原则 所有答案都必须以所给材料为依据，所有答案都可以在所给材料中找到相应的词、句、段落作证明即所有的题目都可以在所给材料中找到选择答案的根本依据。(表 1)如何在材料中快速、正确地找到选择答案的根本依据和细节有关的试题有：细节理解题，细节推理判断题、猜测词义题、正误判断题等等。第一步：找出题干或答案中的关键词/句;第二
2、步：找出材料中与题干或答案中的关键词/句完全相同、意义相同或相近的关键词/句;第三步：找出与所给材料中找到的关键词/句有密切关系的上下文，该上下文便是选择答案的根本依据。和篇章整体有关的试题有：写作目的理解题和观点态度题、主旨大意题和归纳标题题、篇章理解题和篇章推理判断题等等。通过所给材料中反复出现的词和材料中的首段(部)和尾段(部) 能总结出主旨大意，因此它们通常是选择答案的根本依据。出现失误的小原因有很多：题干理解错误，答案理解错误，根本依据理解错误，这些都源于词汇量不足或语法基础不扎实；根本依据寻找失败，它源于未能正确找出题干或答案中的关键词；相似答案辨认失败，推理判断偏离材料，以偏概全
3、，它源于违背了做阅读题的一个 小原则 ：应该选择最符合和接近根本依据含义的答案。综上所述， 出现失误的根本原因在于：没有扎实的语法和词汇基础；违背总原则和小原则 。解决方案为了完全避免大失误的出现，考生必须：在做阅读题时，要时刻牢记总原则。为了完全避免小失误的出现，考生必须：即使是在完全没看懂所给材料、题干和答案的情况下，也要按照上文所述的三步去尽力寻找选择答案的根本依据，提高“蒙”的正确率；仔细阅读题干和答案，不能马虎大意，选择最能决定和区分答案的关键词(题干或答案中的)，只有这样才能利用正确的关键词在所给材料中寻找到正确的根本依据；仔细阅读所给材料中的根本依据，选择最符合和接近根本依据含义
4、的答案，只有这样才能避免相似答案辨认失败、推理判断偏离材料、以偏概全等失误。综上所述， 避免所有失误的根本解决方案是：在扎实的语法和词汇的基础之上，按照总原则和小原则来做阅读，必将万无一失 。讲透一题 2011 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标卷)Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. So this year she did something more than a hobby: She planted vegetables in her yard. For her fist garden, M
5、s. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The familys old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said, “The cost of everything
6、is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds too; so its a win-win situation all around.”They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy(经济), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. Other have increased the size of their exi
7、sting gardens. Seed companies and garden shops say no since the 1970s have there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. Now many gardens across the country hacek been sold out for several months. In Austin, Tex., some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list.George C.Ball Jr
8、, owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%, over last year, double the average growth of last five years. Mr. Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. The big one is striking use in the cost of food like bread and milk, togethe
9、r with the increases in the price of fruit and vegetables. Food prices have increased because of higher oil price. People are driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there more time to garden.64. What does the word “residents” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?A. chickens B. tomatoes C. gardens D. p
10、eople65. Why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular?A. More Americans are dong it for fun. B. The price of oil is lower than before.C. Theres a growing need for fruits. D. The cost of living is on the rise.66. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?A. Family Food P
11、lanning B. Banking on Gardening C. A Belt-tightening Move D. Gardening as a Hobby【答案解析】美国人由于生活成本价格的上涨，开始回归园艺，种植水果蔬菜来减少家庭的开支。64. A 词义猜测题。有学生选过 B 和 C。纠其原因在于：有些学生根本不知道 residents 的含义；有些学生没有把握住正确的根本依据(residents 所在的那句话)，而是当他们看到前文中的 garden, vegetables 和tomato 就直接选了 B 或 C。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题属于和细节有关的
12、试题。第一步：找到题干或答案中的关键词 residents; 第二步：找到材料第一段中与题干或答案中的关键词完全相同的关键词 residents; 第三步：找到与所给材料中的关键词 residents 有密切关系的上下文 The familys old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month.，该上下文便是选择答案的根本依据。对该上下文的正确理解是：家里的旧农舍已经变成了鸡窝，它的住户下月到达。因此，此处的 residents 住户应该指的是 chickens 鸡。65. D 细节理解题。
13、有学生选过 A 和 C。纠其原因在于：学生没有把握住正确的根本依据或没有正确理解第一段的含义，导致他们无法正确辨认相似答案。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题属于和细节有关的试题。第一步：找到题干或答案中的关键词 vegetable gardening 和 becoming increasingly popular; 第二步：找到材料第二段中与题干或答案中的关键词完全相同的关键词 vegetable gardening 和意义相近的关键词 the growing number of Americans; 第三步：找到与所给材料中找到的关键词有密切关系的上下文 They ar
14、e among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy(经济), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time.，该上下文便是选择答案的根本依据。对该上下文的正确理解是：受越来越高的生活成本和逐步下降的经济形势的影响，他们(指上文中提到的人物 Ms. Feeley 和 Ms. Rita Gartin)成了越来越多的第一次从事园艺的美国人之一。因此，生活成本的上涨 The cost of living
15、 is on the rise.才是园艺变得越来越流行的原因。有学生提出：正因为生活成本的上涨导致了人们对蔬菜需求的上涨 Theres a growing need for fruits.，所以人们才开始从事园艺，不然，人们可以去做别的事情来增加收入或降低成本。表面似乎很有道理，但这其实违背了 小原则 ：应该选择最符合和接近根本依据含义的答案，显而易见，答案 D 和根本依据几乎完全一致，而答案 C 在根本依据中根本没有提到。所以，根据 总原则 和 小原则 ，正确答案是 D。66. B 归纳标题题。有学生选过 A 和 D。纠其原因在于：学生没有把握住正确的根本依据和没有把握住全文反复出现的中心词
16、。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题属于和篇章整体有关的试题。要找到选择答案的根本依据，就必须浏览全文，找到全文中反复出现的词，并且仔细阅读首段和尾段，之后对它们进行正确理解。本文中反复出现的词是 garden。仔细阅读首段和尾段可发现主旨大意：本文主要讲述生活成本的上涨促使美国人从事园艺，如水果和蔬菜价格的上涨导致食物造价的上涨，食物造价的上涨导致油价的上涨。所以，虽然答案 A Family Food Planning 和主旨大意有关系，但它们只是主旨大意的一个方面，不能以偏概全，答案 D 虽然含有 gardening，但它错在 as a hobby，由主旨大意可知美国人
17、是受经济形式压迫而被迫从事园艺，而不是把从事园艺当成一种爱好，因此，选择 A 和 D 都违背了 小原则 ，由主旨大意可知经济 banking 和园艺 gardening 是本文最主要的两个方面，所以正确答案是 B。极速体验 2011 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(重庆卷)William Butler Yeats, a most famous Irish writer, was born in Dublin on June 13, 1865. His childhood lacked the harmony(和睦 ) that was typical of a happy family. La
18、ter, Yeats shocked his family by saying that he remembered “little of childhood but its pain”. In fact, he inherited(继承) excellent taste in art from his familyboth his father and his brother were painters. But he finally settled on literature, particularly drama(戏剧) and poetry.Yeats had strong faith
19、 in coming of new artistic movements. He set himself the fresh task in founding an Irish national theatre in the late 1890s. His early theatrical experiments, however, were not received favorably at the beginning. He didnt lose heart, and finally enjoyed success in his poetical drama.Compared with h
20、is dramatic works, Yeatss poems attract much admiring notice. The subject matter includes love, nature, history, time and aging. Though Yeats generally relied on very traditional forms, he brought modern sensibility to them. As his literary life progressed, his poetry grew finer and richer, which le
21、d him to worldwide recognition.He had not enjoyed a major public life since winning the Nobel Prize in 1923. Yet, he continued writing almost to the end of his life. Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he would who probably now be valued as a minor poet, for there is no other example in literary hi
22、story of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75. After Yeatss death in 1939, W.H.Auden wrote, among others, the following lines:Earth, receive an honored guest:William Yeats is laid to rest.Let the Irish vessel(船) lieEmptied of its poetry.68. Which of the following can
23、describe Yeatss family?A. It filled Yeatss childhood with laughter. B. It was shocked by Yeatss choice.C. It was a typically wealthy family. D. It had an artistic atmosphere.69. According to the passage, what do we know about Yeatss life?A. Yeats founded the first Irish theater.B. Yeats stuck to mod
24、ern forms in his poetry.C. Yeats began to produce his best works from the 1910s.D. Yeats was not favored by the public until the 1923 Noble Prize.70. What kind of feeling is expressed in W. H. Audens lines?A. Envy. B. Sympathy. C. Emptiness. D. Admiration.71. What is the passage mainly about?A. Yeat
25、ss literary achievements. B. Yeatss historical influence.C. Yeatss artistic ambition. D. Yeatss national honor.【答案解析】本文主要介绍著名爱尔兰作家 William Butler Yeats 及其文学成就。68. D 细节理解题。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题是跟细节有关的试题。第一步：找到题干或答案中的关键词 Yeatss family; 第二步：找到材料第一段中与题干或答案中的关键词完全相同的三个关键词 family; 第三步：找到与所给材料中的关键词 f
26、amily 有密切关系的上下文 His childhood lacked the harmony(和睦) that was typical of a happy family. Later, Yeats shocked his family by saying that he remembered “little of childhood but its pain”. In fact, he inherited(继承) excellent taste in art from his familyboth his father and his brother were painters.，该上下
27、文便是选择答案的根本依据。有学生曾选 A 和 B。纠其原因在于：学生们比较马虎，没有看完全句或只看到 harmony 后的汉语解释就选择 A，还有的学生并不知道 lack 的含义；有些学生只看到了 shocked his family 就选择了 B。虽然根据 总原则 ，学生们找到了选择答案的根本依据，但是由于马虎或者基础知识不扎实，导致学生在选择答案时违背了 小原则 ，没有选择最符合根本依据的答案。69. C 细节理解题。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题是跟细节有关的试题。第一步：找到题干或答案中的关键词 Yeatss life; 第二步：找到材料第三和第四段中与题干或答
28、案中的关键词完全相同的三个关键词 life; 第三步：找到与所给材料中的关键词 life 有密切关系的上下文 As his literary life progressed, his poetry grew finer and richer, which led him to worldwide recognition. He had not enjoyed a major public life since winning the Nobel Prize in 1923. Yet, he continued writing almost to the end of his life. Had
29、 Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he would who probably now be valued as a minor poet, for there is no other example in literary history of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75.，该上下文便是选择答案的根本依据。有学生曾选 D。纠其原因在于：学生们比较马虎，没有看完 He had not enjoyed a major public life since w
30、inning the Nobel Prize in 1923.就选择 D，违背了 小原则 ，没有选择最符合根本依据的答案，反而选择了与根本依据含义相反的答案。70. D 细节理解题。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题是跟细节有关的试题。第一步：找到题干或答案中的关键词 W. H. Auden 和 lines; 第二步：找到材料第第四段中与题干或答案中的关键词完全相同的关键词 W. H. Auden 和 lines; 第三步：找到与所给材料中的关键词有密切关系的上下文there is no other example in literary history of a poet
31、 who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75. After Yeatss death in 1939, W.H.Auden wrote, among others, the following lines: Earth, receive an honored guest: William Yeats is laid to rest. Let the Irish vessel(船) lie Emptied of its poetry.，该上文便是选择答案的根本依据。有学生曾选 C。纠其原因在于：学生们看到了最后一行中
32、的 emptied，所以在没有看懂该行的情况下选了 C，违背了 小原则 。71. A 主旨大意题。根据 总原则 ，考生首先要找到选择答案的根本依据。本题是跟篇章整体有关的试题。在文中反复出现的人物是 Yeats 和与他有密切关系的 literature(drama 和 poem)。首段重在叙述 Yeats 是如何在艺术领域选择了文学写作，尾段重在叙述 Yeats 在文学领域取得的成就。首段和尾段中暗含直接指向答案的关键句：he finally settled on literature, particularly drama and poetry.和 winning the Nobel Prize in 1923, there is no other example in literary history of a poet who products his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75.。以上内容都是选择答案的根本依据，因此，正确答案是 A。有学生曾选 B 和 C，这都违背了 小原则 。虽然这些都和 Yeats 本人和他的成就有关，但是都无法正确概括全文。
