1、第 1 页 共 12 页【例 1】So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for chilldren that which onloy children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activit
2、ies about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible.”Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will
3、 make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public acitivity: it can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, fo
4、r learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not ope to public scrutiny.If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make l
5、earning to read 第 2 页 共 12 页easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teachers and learners fulfill them appropiately, then much of the pressure and feelingof failure
6、for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.It is hard to track the blue whalel, the oceans largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial wh
7、aling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behaviour.So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale
8、for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navys formerly topo-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share an
9、d partely uncover its global 第 3 页 共 12 页network of underwater listening system builtll over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption for the first ti
10、me and that they plan similar studies.Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changesin ocean and global temperatures.The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second-slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most import
11、ant, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope(听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patients chest to a doctors ear. This focusing is the main reaso that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones
12、, can often travel thousands of miles.Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniform so popular 第 4 页 共 12 页in the United States
13、?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repariman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust
14、 than one who appears in civilian clothes, Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practicall benefits. They save on othe
15、r clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequence loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though ther
16、e are many types of uniforms, the wearer of na particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, unitl retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.第 5 页 共 12 页Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are longo
17、-lasting, often their initial expense is greater tha the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 命题规律 3：概括文章的标题文章标题的选择就是主题的选择，所不同的是，主题或中心思想一般以句子的形式表达，而标题则
18、以短语的形式表达。因此，文章标题的选择必须建立在对文章充分了解的基础上，因此考生应先归纳全文中心大意，而后选出最能完整概括全文的标题。【题目】The best title for this passage would be .A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a UniformC) Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms【解析】本文可分为三个部分。第 1 段提出话题：uniform。以下的四段中，每
19、段的第 1 句都是该段的主题句。第 2、3 段说明了制服的好处，第 4、5 段说的是制服的不利方面。因此，这篇文章的主题是：制服的利与弊。 【答案：D】第 6 页 共 12 页第二节 事实细节题、推理判断题的 10 种命题规律事实细节题和推理判断题在历年考题中比例几乎是最大的，虽然它们的提问方式并不相同，但是它们的命题规律是一致的都是针对文章的某句话、某个对象等细节事实而出现。事实细节题的命题方式通常有以下几种：Which of the following is (NOT) true when taling about?What is the example of as described i
20、n the passage?The reason for is .According to the passage, when (where,why, how, who, etc.)?The following statements about are true EXCEPT .推理判断题的命题方式通常有:The writer immplies but not directly state that .It can be inferred from the passage that is .It can be concluded from the passage that .What do w
21、e learn about from Paragrah X?The study/research/example of indicates that .命题规律 1：例子常考举例子是作者说明每周观点时常用的一种写作手法，就例第 7 页 共 12 页子的细节或目的提问则是考试的一项常见内容。提问细节时当然对号入座就可以了，提问目的则要结合段落的主题来回答。【例 4】(Exposed to higher standards of service everywhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same) Privatizaiton, or
22、 the thereat of it, is a motivation as well. Monoplies（垄断者 ）that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful conumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phonecompany, its internati
23、onal branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be shorto-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments
24、are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless EI AI Airlines, which is already at auction, has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on 第
25、 8 页 共 12 页customer survey sheets.【题目】1. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, .A) they can have it fixed in no timeB) its no longer necessary to make an appointmentC) the appointment takes only half a day to make D) they only have to wait halfl an hour at most2. T
26、he example of EI AI Airlines shows that .A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprisesB) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in francial difficultyC) a good slogan has great potential for improving serviceD) staff retaining is essential for better service【解析】本段共举了三个例子来说
27、明“私有化的威胁使服务质量改善”的主题，提问涉及后两个例子：电子公司和航空公司。第 1 题为事实细节题，只涉及第二个例子内部的内容，从原文中的 scheduled to the half-hour 可知答案为D.第 2 题属于推理判断题，询问第三个例子支持什么观点。值得注意的是，例子支持的观点通常会在例子前后提到。根据原文最后两句，再联系本段第 4 句“人们想报复这些年来的差劲的服务” 。四个选项中只有 C 和 D 提到了这一点，第 9 页 共 12 页但选项 C 中的 slogan 是 improving service 的结果，故不正确，因此答案为 D。 【答案：D 】命题规律 2：引文常
28、考使用引文，尤其是名人名言，是作者证明自己观点的一种行之有效的方法。提问一般会针对引文的意思、目的、立场或作者对引文的态度。【例 5】All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kid. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encoura
29、ges independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids aged 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.【题目】According to the author a child develops better if .A) he has plenty of time reading and studyingB) he is left to play with his peers in
30、 his own wayC) he has more time participating in school activities D) he is free to interact with his working parents命题规律 3：转折处常考转折一般指由 however, but, in fact, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet 等引导的句子，这些词前面的内容一般只是第 10 页 共 12 页起铺垫的作用，后面才是语义和信息的焦点所在，是命题者的兴趣所在，也是答案所在。由 though 或 although 引导的让步状语从句，焦点同样是主句。对
31、转折处的考查在四级考试中随处可见。【例 6】Historically, most physicall-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has show
32、n that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well.【题目】People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out .A) how well they could do in athleticsB) what their health condition was like C) what kind of fitnes
33、s center was suitable for themD) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise【解析】第 1 句内部有由 but 引导的一个转折句，而解答的关键就是转折词后面的内容，因此，本题选 A(how well they could do in athletics) 是对 related to performance in athletics 的解释） 。 【答案：A】第 11 页 共 12 页命题规律 4：对比处常考对比处常见的标志是：in/by contrast (with), in opposition (to), on th
34、e contrary, notbut, rather than, while, on the other hand 等词或词组。这些地方涉及到两种事物观点情况等的对比，有的还体现出作者的态度和观点，因此也容易成为考试的兴趣点。【例 7】Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, feveris one of the ch
35、aracteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.【题目】Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?A) A stuffy nose.B) A high temperature.C) A sore throat.D) A dry cough.【解析】本段先讲感冒的症状，接下来 On the other hand笔锋一转，引出流感的典型特征，最后一句则是流感的症状与感冒的区别。本题的答案就在 On the other hand 一句第 12 页 共 12 页中，选项 high temperature 是对 fever 的就是，为正确答案。【答案：B】命题规律 5：因果
