1、Grammar,Past participle,动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。,1 动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. One of the glasses was found broken. The books, written by Lu Xun, are pop
2、ular with many Chinese people.,2 及物动词的ed形式，一般表示被动的已完成的动作。 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。) When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. (宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系) The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 3 一些
3、不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的 含义。 an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escapeda retired worker = a worker who has retireda newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrivedfallen leaves =leaves which have fallenfaded flowers = flowers that have faded 凋谢的花朵,1 前置定语 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 A w
4、atched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 提 示 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。,2 后置定语 作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 Half of the guests invited to th
5、e reception were foreign ambassadors. (= who had been invited to the reception) The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. (= which was attended by one thousand students)A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. (= who was dressed like a lawyer),1.如果被修饰的
6、词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如： Is there anything unsolved? There is noting changed here since I left this town. 2. 少数单个的过去分词如:left/invited/allowed/ordered等常作后置定语 There is only a small quantity of paper left. Do you know the number of the book
7、s ordered. All the guests invited have arrived on time.,特别提醒,3、 有些过去分词作前置定语和后置定语时意义不同。,in the given time with the words given,a concerned look the people concerned,a wanted person workers wanted,在既定的时间内 用所给的单词,关切的神情 有关人士,被通缉的人 招聘工人,4 动词ed形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别 动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。 the
8、risen sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况changing condition 变化着的情况 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家,1 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 The students are fully prepared. When we got there, the
9、 shop was closed. 比 较 要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示主语的特点或状态，而被动语态则表示被动动作。 The windows were all broken(状态)The windows were all broken by the little boy(动作） 2 同一动词的ed形式与ing形式作表语时的区别。 动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的exciting 使
10、人激动的 excited 激动的puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的,当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。 1 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. We found all the rivers seriously polluted.,They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. At the sight of the
11、 moving scene, all the people present were moved.,2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. Ill just get these dishes washed and then Ill come. 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. You should
12、 make your views known to the public. 动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.,比 较 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 I couldnt get the car to start this morning. He got his sister to
13、 help him with his clothes. It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 点 津 坊 动词make后的宾语补足语可用动词原形或动词-ed形式，但不 可用动词-ing形式。 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text? 【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students?, 使役
14、动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词原形和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。比较: have 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事 have sb. do sth *Im going to have the teacher answer this question after class.常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。 wont/cant have sb. doing sth*We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. have sth. done 1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被
15、动关系，表示某事由别人做。*Where did you have your hair cut? 2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。*The house had its roof blown off.,3 动词ed形式也可用在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 With everything well arranged, he left the office. She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.Without any more time given,
16、 we couldnt finish the task in three weeks. 4 某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了动词ed形式作宾语补足语。 I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. The teacher wound not like the problem discussed at the moment.I want the dress made to my own measure.,动词-ed形式作状语和动词-i
17、ng形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 1 表示时间 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. (= When the city is seen from the tower.) Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. (= After we had been shown the lab .) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to
18、school right away. (= After he was completely examined.) 比较： _from the tower, we have a good view of the whole city. (Seen/Seeing),Seeing,点 津 坊 有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
19、Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time. Once begun, nothing could be done to change it.,2 表示原因 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .)Written in haste, her letter is very hard to
20、read.(= As it was written in haste .)Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.(= Because we were excited by.),3 表示条件 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam.加热，水就能变成蒸汽。 (= If water is heated.) Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was g
21、iven more time .) Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. (= If she was compared with other protessors.) 点 津 坊 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 Even if invited, I wont go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。 Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not
22、 come back to the company. She is very shy and never speaks until spoken to.,4 表示让步 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. (= Although they were exhausted by the running .) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. (
23、= Even if he was laughed by many people .) 点 津 坊 有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.,5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时
24、，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded by the students) He went into the office, followed by some children. (= and he was followed by some children) 点 津 坊 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 【误】I cannot stand laughed at. 【正】I cannot stand being laughed
25、at. 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 【正】To be invited to the state banquet(国宴）is agreat honour.,1. _(see ) those picture, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 2._( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples. 3. _( finish ) the work, he went back home on fo
26、ot. 4. _( inspire ) by Dr. Chens speech, they decided to study maths harder. 5._( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone. 6._ ( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep.,Having watered,Seeing,Having finished,(Having been) inspired,(Having been) persuaded,Warmly praised,
27、7. _ ( send ) the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils exercises. 8._( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up. 9.Once armed ( arm ), we are afraid of nothing. 10.While _( cross )the street, look out for cars. 11.She came earlier than expected ( expect). 12. Everything
28、 goes well as planned ( plan ). 13.She still made the same mistakes though told ( tell) several times.,1 动词-ed形式在句中作状语或表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，动词-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。 Locked up, he had no way to escape. Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. She became discouraged at the news.,当动词-ed形
29、式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.,Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. (trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers) The valuable vase was found stolen. (stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)We got home only to fi
30、nd the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. (turned up side down的逻辑主语是句子的宾语house),在动词-ed形式前加上自己的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词和代词，置于分词之前。这时常被称为独立主格结构。 （ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。） Everything done, we went home. The signal given , the bus started.,动词-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成
31、分，不受逻辑主语的限制。 Put frankly, I dont agree with what he said. Taken as a whole，there is nothing wrong with this lesson.,分词做定语的位置及其它“定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。 单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。 分词短语在词后，“定从”和它互对照。 “现分”动作进行时，“过分”动作完成了。 注：“定分”：做定语的分词；“定从”：定语从句；“现分”：现在分词；“过分”：过去分词。）分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语，概有七意义。“ 时间”和“原因”，“结果”与“目的”。 “方式
32、”加“伴随”，“条件”常出席。 且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。（*指句子的主语）,1 _ time ,he will make a first-class tennis player . A Having given B To give C Giving D Given 2 _in 1636 ,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States . A Being founded B It was founded C Founded D Founding 3 Unless _to speak ,you should
33、 remain silent at the conference . A invited B inviting C being invited D having invited,D,C,A,4 _,but he still couldnt understand it . A He had been told many times B Having been told many times C Told many times D Although he had been told many times 5 When first _to the market , these products en
34、joyed great success . A introducing B introduced C introduce D being introduced,A,B,6 There seemed to be nothing _to do but _for the doctor . A leave / send B left / to send C left / send D leaving / send 7_everywhere , the wolves had no where _themselves . A Hunting / hiding B To hunt / to hide C H
35、unted / hiding D Hunted / to hide,C,D,作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to,8 . The _ morning, the father came into the lonely house, _ by his naughty boy.,following, following B. followed, followed C. following, followed D. followed, following,9. Mrs. White was glad to see the nurse _
36、after her son and was pleased to see the boy well _ care of in the nursery.,looked; taken B. looking; taken C. looked; took D. looking; taking,C,B,10. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.,being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied,11. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.,Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,D,A,Bye - bye!,Thank you,
