1、1英语写作 I 主要教学内容第一章 英语句子写作第一节：句子成分 （Sentence Elements）第二节：英语句子种类（Types of Sentences）第三节：有效句子(Effective Sentences) 第四节：常见错误（Common Errors） 第二章 英语段落写作第一节：段落结构 （The Structure of Paragraph）第二节：段落的展开方式（Developing Skills of Paragraph）1. 列举法(Listing)2. 举例法(Exemplification)3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence)4.
2、因果分析法(Cause and Effect)5. 比较对照法(Comparison therefore the game was called off. 下雨了，因此比赛被取消。They shouldnt be going south. 他们不该向南走。In ancient times there was in China a great scholar called Confucius. 古代中国有个大学问家，名叫孔夫子。Because of its advantages over some other natural materials, plastics is often prefer
3、red by manufacturers. 由于塑料比某些其它天然材料有许多优点，所以很受生产商喜欢。使用不同的符号划分出下面这些句子的不同成分。主语用“ ”表示。谓语用“ ”表示。宾语和表语用“ ”表示。定语用“（ ） ”表示。状语用“ ”表示。补语用“ ”表示。同位语用“/ /”隔开表示。遇到相应的从句，均在原有符号下面添加“ ”。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句不变化。定语从句用“（ ） ”表示等。7【Example】：I had found the letter in the kitchen by searching carefully.The younger generation is
4、essentially different from the older generation.【Exercise】1. Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.2. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vi
5、sion but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.3. This ability was first noticed by her father.4. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.5. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old news
6、papers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.6. Veras curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry
7、of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.7. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a childs game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colors printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings an
8、d slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colors of a picture hidden under a carpet.8. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.9. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands w
9、ere wet.In-class Activity P17 Task 1 8第二节：英语句子种类（Types of Sentences）按使用目的一、 陈述句 （五种基本句型）英语常用的最基本句式有五种，这里，S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1 间接宾语；O2直接宾语； C宾语补足语1. Subject (主语) Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。He runs quickly 他跑的很快。They l
10、istened carefully他们听的很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他又冷又饿。China belongs to the Third World中国属于第三世界国家。The students work very hard. 学生们学习很努力。She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。2. Subject (主语 ) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语 )这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：（1）表示状
11、态的系动词。这些词有：be（amisare）, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, sit, stand, keep, remain, continue, stay,等等。如：She is a nurse. 她是个护士。He is older than he looks他比看起来要老。He seems interested in the book 他似乎对这本书有兴趣。The story sounds interesting 这个故事听起来很有趣。The desk feels hard 桌子很结实。The cake tastes nice 蛋糕味道
12、很棒。The flowers smell sweet and nice花闻起来很甜美。We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。This kind of food tastes terrible.这种食物吃起来很糟糕。The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。(2) 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。You have grown
13、 taller than before他比以前高了许多。He will become a teacher when he grows up长大后，他想成为一名教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的国家。Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。Dont have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。3. Subject(主语) Verb (谓语
14、) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与9宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。I saw a film yesterday 我昨天看了部电影。Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗？You can put the books in your bag.你可以把书放在书包里。Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。She lost the chance to make her appearance
15、 on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。4. Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语) Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“ 物 ”。常常称为“ 双宾语”He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me He brought me a pen. = He brought a pen to meHe offered me his seat. = he offered his sea
16、t to me注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book. = Mother bought a book for me. He got me a chair. = He got a chair for mePlease do me a favor. = Please do a favor for meHe asked me a question. = He asked a question of meYesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生
17、日礼物。The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。其实，要想区分出来 Indirect object(间接宾语)和 Direct object (直接宾语)非常简单。关键就是看谓语动词。谓语动词后面既然有两个宾语，那么我们就看哪一个宾语和谓语动词的联系更加紧密。直接由动词动作作用的那个就是直接宾语，作用不是很紧密的那个就是间接宾语。拿上面一个例子来看：Her father bought her a bicycle. 这句话里面，她爸爸给她买了辆自行车，谓语动词是“买” ，后面的两个
18、宾语分别是“ 她”和“自行车”。所以买的直接对象就是“自行车”，只不过是把自行车买给她而已。The old man is telling the children stories.在这句话中，老人正在给孩子们讲故事，谓语动词是“is telling”,那么讲的最直接的对象一定是故事，只不过是把故事讲给孩子们听而已。所以“故事”是直接宾语， “孩子们”是间接宾语。5. Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的宾语 补语可统称为 “复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。They made the
19、girl angry They found her happy that day I found him outI saw him inThey elected him captain.He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。We found him an honest person.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。His mother told him not to play on the street.他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。注意：有些动词后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带 to。10概括一下就是：五看三使两听一感觉五看：look at、 see、watch、 n
20、otice、observe三使：have、make、let两听：listen to 、hear一感觉：feelThe boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。【Example 1】I have heard both teachers and students D well of him.A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak解析 ：题目中有 have, 后面是不定式作宾补。所以省略 to【Example 2】The engines are made A at full speed.A.
21、 to work B. work C. working D. to be worked题目表示的是被动语态。尽管有“五看三使两听一感觉”中的词，仍然要加上 to6. 在以上的五种基本句型中，Subject(主语) Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语) 和 Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语) 分别称为双宾语和复合宾语。都是动词后面带有“两个宾语”。要区分这两种基本句型非常简单。只要在动词后面的两个宾语中间加上个“是”，如果逻辑成立，即复合宾语，就是Subject(主语) Ver
22、b (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)；如果逻辑不成立，即双宾语，就是 Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)Mother bought me a book. 这句话中， 在后面两个宾语中间加上“ 是”，构成：“me”是“a book”. 我是一本书，很显然逻辑是错误的。因此这句话是双宾语。属于 SubjectVerb Indirect objectDirect object 结构。We found him an honest person.这句话中， 在后面两个宾语中间加上“ 是”，构
23、成：“him”是“an honest person”.他是个诚实的人。逻辑正确。因此是复合宾语。属于. SubjectVerb Object Complement 结构。7. 除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词） ，也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语） 。下面以基本句型五（v+o+o.c）为例：We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼
24、堂坐满了学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，
25、在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。二、 疑问句111. 一般疑问句 General Questions. 是将助动词、情态动词和系动词 be 置于主语前面。并用 yes/no 来回答。Is he in the reading-room? Yes, he is./No, he isnt. 他在阅览室吗？-是的，他在/不，他不在。Is this train leaving for London? Sorry, I have no idea./ Im afraid not. 这班火车开往伦敦吗？-对不起，我不知道。/恐怕不。Are there any pictures in your
26、room? 你房间里面有画吗？Have you any difficulties with your study? 你学习上又困难吗？如果 have 不作为“有” 的意思，而作为行为动词。疑问句要用助动词 do.Do you have supper at 6? 你六点吃晚饭吗？但是在许多美国英语中，即使 have 作为“有”的意思，疑问句也用了助动词 do.Do you have any idea? 你有意见吗？Does she have blue eyes? 她是蓝眼睛吗？Must I return the book today? Yes, you must. 我必须今天还上这本书吗？是的你
27、必须还。Dear you go out without your parents permission? 未得到父母的允许你敢出去吗？Can you swim across the river? 你能游过这条河吗？2. 特殊疑问句 Special Questions. 由疑问代词 what, which, who, whom, whose 和疑问词how, when, where, why 来引导。这些疑问词不仅引导特殊疑问句，而且在句中充当一定的句子成分。Who is in charge of the work?谁对这项工作负责？（主语）Whose won the third prize?
28、谁的（作品）获得三等奖？（主语）What would you like for breakfast, Mr. Scott? 斯科特先生，早饭想吃点什么？（宾语）Which is my seat? 哪是我的座位？（表语）Which room do you live in? 你住哪一个房间？（宾语的定语）Whose pen is this？这是谁的钢笔？（表语的定语）How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少学生？（how many 作主语定语）疑问副词在引导特殊疑问句，并在句中作状语。How did you enjoy your Chris
29、tmas? 你如何过圣诞节？Where have you put my book? 你把我书放哪了？Why should you be so interested in my affairs? 你为什么对我的事情如此感兴趣？3. 附加疑问句 Tag-questions（又称反意疑问句）主要由“陈述句+疑问句” 构成。可以要求对方证实所述的情况或看法。通常这两部分是反意的。陈述部分是肯定，后面的附加问句就是否定。陈述部分是否定，后面附加部分是肯定。陈述部分的主语是 I，疑问部分要用 arent I。Im as tall as your sister, arent I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？陈述
30、部分的谓语是 wish，疑问部分要用 may +主语。例如： I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？ 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown, do they ? 有些植物从不开花，对吗？ 含有 ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用 shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。He ought to know what to
31、 do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 他应该知道该做什么，对吗？ 12陈述部分有 have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问部分常用 dont +主语（didnt +主语）。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？ 陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时，疑问部分用 didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he? 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？ 陈述部分有 ha
32、d better + v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 你最好自己去读，好吗？ 陈述部分有 would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？陈述部分有 Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 你想和我们一块去，对吗？
33、当陈述部分是 I think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I suppose, I believe , I suspect, I imagine附加句与从句里面的动词保持一致。但是要注意否定转移I dont thank(that) she cares, does she? 我想她并不仔细，不是吗？I suppose ( that) hes serious, isnt he? 我猜他很严肃，是吗？I think chickens can swim, cant they? 我想鸡会游泳，是吗？I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she? 我想露西是
34、个好女孩，是吗？I didnt think he was happy, was he? 我想他并不快乐，对吗？当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达 Lets go out for a walk, shall we? 我们去游泳，好吗？Let us go our for a walk, will you? 我们去游泳，你呢？Turn on the radio, will you? 把收音机打开，好吗？反义疑问句的回答用 yes， no， 但是，当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如： They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？ Yes, the
35、y do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 对， 他们工作不努力。must 反义疑问句的用法。must 反义疑问句就三种可能：must neednt 变换句式1、mustntmust mustnt 在陈述句中的意思一般是不允许，禁止，所以他的反义疑问句用 must 或 mayYou mustnt smoke here, must you?或 may you?2、必须neednt 当 must 在陈述句中作 “必须”解时，它的反义疑问句就变成 needntYou must go now ,neednt you?3、变换句式 在 must 表示推测，做 “一定，准是”，简单的说就
36、是 must 用于虚拟语气时像数学一样我们引入一个“常量”I am sure that我们变换一下。He must have come yesterday. 变换句式作I am sure that he came yesterday. 好我们应该分清，反义疑问句问的应该是 I am sure that 后面的从句13所以，按照一般反义疑问句的规则得出结果I am sure that he came yesterday, didnt he?最后再把句子还原He must have come yesterday， didnt he?You must have seen the play last
37、week, didnt you?Im sure you saw the play last week, didnt you?三、 祈使句祈使句 The Imperative Sentence,即动词原形为首，用来表示命令、请求、要求、劝告、忠告、叮嘱、警告、建议、号召、指示、邀请、允许、禁止、祝愿、诅咒等。Fire! 开火！ Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。Dont talk any more. 别说话了。Lets have a meeting to discuss it. 我们开个会讨论一下吧。Take an aspirin for your headache. 吃
38、片阿司匹林治你头疼。四、 感叹句感叹句 The Exclamatory Sentence, 主要用来表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、赞赏、气愤、遗憾等情绪。通常用 how 或者 what 来引导。how 放于 what 句首，主语、谓语用正常语序位于其后，句末用感叹号。副词 how 修饰形容词、副词或动词。How careless he is! 他多么粗心啊！How foolish you must have thought I was! 你一定认为我多么傻啊！代词 what 修饰名词。What fine weather we have today! 今天天气多好啊！What nonsense you
39、 talk! 你胡说什么！What strange ideas you have! 你的想法真怪！按结构分类一、 简单句(Simple Sentence)包括一个主谓结构的句子。有时一个句子虽然有两个或者两个以上的主语或者谓语，仍然是简单句。Spring is the best season for planting trees. 春天是植树的最佳季节。Sugar, starches, fats and proteins are foods. 糖、淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质都是食物。Heat, light, electricity and sound are different forms of en
40、ergy and can be converted form one form into another. 热、光、电和声是不同形式的能且相互间可以从一种形式转化承另一种形式。二、 并列句(Compound Sentence)如果一篇文章所有的句子都是五种基本句式，就表达不了上下文的逻辑关系，句子与句子之间的联系也显得异常松散。我们也注意到，英语文章中的句子都很长，靠的就是用连词把前后句子组成较长的并列句（Compound Sentences）和复合句（Complex Sentences ） 。14这种句子是由并列连词 and, but, yet, for, as well as, eithe
41、r or, both and, neither nor, not only but also, whether or, so 等等把简单句连接起来组成的，用来表达并联、选择、转折、否定、递进等关系。如果前后的句子是先后关系或者并列关系，可以在任何句子之间加上连词。I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. The two words spelled differently, but pronounced the same.Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 当我们要表达的两个
42、观点不一致时，就可以使用表达转折意义的连词。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 当我们要表达先后或因果关系时，就可以使用表达因果关系顺序的连词。The snow began to fall, so we went home. He sold his farm, so he had enough money for his journey.三、 复合句(Complex Sentence)复合句是由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个
43、或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在；而从句仅是句子的一个成分，故不能独立存在，必须有一个关联词(connective ）引导。从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句 6 类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。复合句中常用的从属连词（Subordinators）Relationship Subordinatorsti
44、me before, after, when, whenever, while, until, sinceplace where, wherevercause or reason because, since, as, as if, as though, as long as, whereaspurpose or result that, so that, in order thatconcession or contrast although, though, even though, unless, if, than, providedquality who, whom, whose, w
45、hoever, which, that, what, whatever1. 主语从句主语从句在句子中担当主语成分。What you are doing seems very difficult.= It seems very difficult what you are doing.Whether he will come or not is unknown.= It is unknown whether he will come or not.Whoever will be married to Tom is none of our business.= It is none of our
46、business whoever will be married to Tom.2. 宾语从句宾语从句在句子中担当宾语成分，是英语中使用量最大的从句之一。My major professor stated that science courses required a laboratory period. We dont know which method is much better to English teaching.15Students want to know how these interesting phenomena happen.3. 表语从句在“主语 + 系动词 + 表语
47、”结构中，当表语由句子来充当时，这个充当表语的句子就是表语从句了。When this railway station is to be finished is what people are popularly concerned about.The first reason is that some people dont know how to say “No”. My problem is whether they will discuss the question at the meeting or behind closed doors.Our concern is who will
48、 be elected the next president of the association.4. 同位语从句同位语从句是比较难以掌握的名词性从句，关键是要搞清楚这个从句和它前面的名词（如 idea, suggestion, fact, news, opinion, evidence, indication）之间是“同等”的关系，是要说明这个名词的具体内容的。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.The boss agreed on the idea that we reduced the total of
49、production. We all know the fact that our earth is short of fresh water.There is indication that fresh water is decreasing in many places.5. 定语从句一限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English.He gave up the plan, which was a very good one.I met John, who told me the news.I well take this one, which seems to be the best one.He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two
