1、一 命题分析当前全球社会的发展使得英语应用文写作能力的重要性日益凸显，这种能力不仅能体现出一个人的基本语言水平，同时也为日后从事现代化办公、顺利开展社会交流尤其是国际交流打下良好的基础。因此，考研作文中增加应用文写作部分不仅是大势所趋，同时也体现出了我国教育者的良苦用心。相对于大作文来说，应用文的写作还是比较容易把握的。但是在大约 15 分钟的时间内理解题意并迅速将内容要点扩充成一篇 100 字的短文也是有较大难度的，考生不仅能够恰当地根据给定情境迅速成文，而且也要有较高的语言能力。因此，在平时的准备过程中，考生要重视这类文体的准备工作，全面了解和掌握各种应用文体的写作格式、方法和特点，尤其是
2、要熟悉各类文体的基本结构和套话。应用文文体的种类非常丰富，大纲中规定的就包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。鉴于考试的要求和考场的条件限制、文章的长度以及文体的应用广泛程度而言，我们认为各类信件、便笺、以及备忘录在研究生考试中的考查几率比较大。其中信件种类繁多、内容广泛，因此最为重要；便笺的写法与格式都和信件相类似；备忘录在公务和商业往来中使用较多，但也可能在考生平时的校园生活中出现。因此，本书将以信件、便笺和备忘录的写法为重点详加阐述。应用文的实际用途决定了其语言应以简洁明了为基本原则，并不要求复杂多变。应用文一般需要开门见山，行文一开始就要尽快地表达主要意思；文章要求逻辑清晰、有条有
3、理，目标明确；语气要恰如其分，尤其在公文信函中，一定要注意语言的正式和礼貌，遵循交际原则；最后还要注意细节，确保事件、数字、日期等信息的准确传达和标点符号的正确使用。下面以 2007 年的大纲样题为例来具体分析考研应用短文的出题思路和应对步骤：Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:1) detailed informatio
4、n about the books you want,2) methods of payment,3) time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.通过这个题目可以看出，考研的应用文题目是以日常生活的场景为基础的。我们有以下的“三步走”策略：第一、判断题型。在阅读完
5、题干以后，考生应迅速判断这是一篇请求信，此时准备充分的考生应在脑海中以最快速度搜索此类信件的写作框架、流程、常用套语和词汇等（本书中提供了详实的模版供考生参考）。第二、重新读题，并用铅笔划出题目中包含的重点信息。这些信息都是考生在写文章的时候必须包含在其中的。本题的重点信息包括 preparing for an English test, in need of some reference books, a letter to the sales department of a book store, detailed information, payment, delivery 等。第三、扩
6、充成文并仔细检查。在扩充细节的时候，考生要结合平时的生活积累、发挥充分的想象力。如在本题中，考生应思考的细节包括准备何种英语考试，需要哪些参考书，对参考书的质量和内容有什么要求，付款方式是现金还是信用卡，运送方式是 EMS、邮局还是其他等等。在这些方面考生可以自由发挥，但是注意要符合我们的生活常识和日常规律。在完成文章以后，一定要花大约 1 分钟的时间重新检查一遍信件的结构是否完整、所要求的细节是否全部包含在内、以及是否有拼写错误等。三、题型解析（1）书信书信是人类交流的一种最古老也是最重要的方式之一，对于人类的交际具有重要的意义。大学生无论在何时何地，都需要因为各种原因而给相关人士写信，来表
7、达自己的动机、目的和愿望等。书信分为私人信函和公务信函。私人信函属于非正式文体，一般是指与熟人、家人和朋友之间进行日常事务交流的信件。私人信件用词可以比较随意，但是语气要真挚。公务信件则属于正式文体，通常用于商务和外贸场合，以及公司与公司之间、与客户之间的业务往来等。其中最实用也是最重要的包括辞职信、请求信、建议信、求职信、道歉信、感谢信、申请信、投诉信、询问信、邀请信和祝贺信等。尽管书信类别多样，但是我们一定要牢记，所有的书信都是“万变不离其宗”，只要掌握其格式、框架和基本语气，就能够写出一篇质量上乘的书信出来。书信的写作格式当前的书信格式主要有英式和美式两种。英式结构即缩进式结构，属于比较
8、传统的结构，即每一段的第一行都向里缩进 4-8 个字符，且所有段落的缩进距离必须保持一致；称呼顶格写，落款则在中间偏右的位置。美式结构则是齐头式结构，在商务英语中比较流行，尤其普遍运用于电子邮件的交流中，其特点是所有段落的第一行都顶格写，段与段之间空一行，另外称呼、落款等也都顶格写。具体如下所示：缩进式：Dear Kate,I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to cons
9、ult the book now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition.If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house
10、to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.Yours,Judy齐头式：书信的结构：英文的书信结构通常包括 6 个组成部分：信头（heading，包括寄信人地址和日期）、信内地址（inside address，指收信人地址）、称呼（salutation）、正文（body）、结束语（complimentary）、签名（signature），有时候还包括附言（postscript）和附件（attachment）。具体如下图所示：一般的考研作文由于篇幅所限，只要求考生在书信中包括称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分，因此本章也重点讨论这四个部分需要注意的一些问题。称呼：称呼是书信
11、的开头部分，是写信人对收信人的称谓。无论是私人信件、还是公务信件，一般都以“Dear”作为开头引出收信人的姓名和头衔。称呼的后面一般都要求加逗号。在私人信件中，如果写信人与收信人关系比较亲密，则称呼可以比较随意，一般都是“Dear”后面直接加人名，如“Dear Anna, Dear Tom”等；或者“Dear”后面加长辈的称呼，如“Dear Papa, Dear Aunt”；如果关系不是非常亲密，则要称呼对方的姓，写做“Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs. Smith, Dear Miss Smith, Dear Ms Smith”。注意，在不知道女士的婚嫁状况的时候，宜用“Ms
12、.”。在公务信件中，一般的称呼格式是在收信人头衔后加姓，或者加收信人全名。要特别注意收信人的头衔。具体称呼方式及缩写如下：男士：Mr.女士：Mrs., Ms., Miss教授/博士：Prof./Dr.市长、法官、议员或其他高官：Hon. (Honorable，即“尊敬的”)编辑：Editor不知对方姓名：Dear Sir/Sirs, Dear Madam/Madams, Dear Sir or Madam, To Whom It May Concern正文：正文一般包括三个部分。第一部分是开头，需要开门见山地说明写信的原因和目的。如果是写给不认识的人，还要加上一个简单的自我介绍。如果是回信，还
13、要说明何时收到对方关于什么内容的信。第二部分是信的核心和主要内容，把开头提出的问题进行充分的说明和解释。第三部分是信的结尾，通常以礼貌的祝福或者愿望来结束。如：I am looking forward to your reply.Please pass my best wishes to all your family.结束语：结束语是写信人对于收信人的谦称和致敬。在私人信件中，一般可以用“Best wishes, Best regards, Best, Regards, Warmest Regards, Yours, Yours ever, Yours sincerely, Cordiall
14、y”。如果是用于关系非常亲密的朋友或者亲人，则还可以用“Yours affectionately, Affectionately, Love, Lovingly, Cheers, Your devoted friend, Your loving son (daughter, nephew, niece, grandson, granddaughter, father, mother, husband, wife, etc.)”。在公务信件中，一般可以用“Yours sincerely, yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours respectfully, You
15、rs gratefully, Yours cordially”等。特别是在给一些团体和不知名的个人的正式信件中，除了以上结束语外还可以采用以下形式：Truly yours, Sincerely yours, Faithfully yours, etc.英文信件结束语形式非常多，对于考生来说如果能够掌握各种情况下的不同结束语自然最好，但是对于应试来说，考生掌握一个“Yours sincerely”就可以以不变应万变，因为这个结束语普遍适用于私人和公务信件。签名：关于签名的注意点就是，考试中不允许考生留下自己的名字，只能用“Li Ming”这个名字。邀请信 Invitation Letter邀请信
16、是写信人对收信人的一种盛情邀约。邀请信分为正式邀请信和非正式邀请信。非正式邀请用词比较随便；正式邀请信则是向收信人发出正式邀请，用语和格式均比较规范、严谨。邀请信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：发出邀请；说明邀请对方做什么事；说明活动时间和地点；表达期待或感谢之情。写作“三步走”：说明邀请目的说明活动安排期待尽早回复Tips:信中要说明关于活动的详细信息，包括活动时间、地点、内容，有时需要说明参加活动的人员。语气要热情真挚，但不要强人所难。Directions:You are going to celebrate your 23rd birthday with a big party. Write
17、 a letter to invite your friend Anne to the party. In the letter, please specify the time and the location, explain the activities, and express your wish for her attendance.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do
18、 not write the address.范文：Dear Anne,I wonder if there is any chance for your to come to my 23rd birthday party at my house on this Saturday night, May the 8th. It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. In addition, since you are a fan of rock music, I am glad to tell you that
19、I have invited our campus RocknRoll band, the “Brainbreak”, to perform. There are also arrangements for dancing and cake-cutting, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy.The dinner starts at 6 pm so that we can have a nice and long evening.I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your
20、 decision.Love,Li Ming译文：亲爱的安：不知你这周六（即 5 月 8 日）晚上是否能够来我家参加我的 23 岁生日派队？我非常想和你一起分享那些重要的时刻。此外，因为你是个摇滚乐歌迷，所以我也很高兴地告诉你，我还邀请到了我们的校园摇滚乐队“Brainbreak”来我的晚会演出。另外我还安排了舞会和切蛋糕等活动，相信你一定会玩得很开心。晚饭将于 6 点开始，这样我们就能够享受一个漫长且愉快的夜晚。我非常希望您能够光临我的晚会，请告知我你的决定。谨上，李明闪光词汇及词组：fan: n. 歌迷，影迷，爱好者rock music, RocknRoll: 摇滚音乐arrangemen
21、t: n. 安排cake-cutting: n. 切蛋糕thoroughly: adv. 十分地，彻底地presence: n. 出席，到场万能句型：I wonder if there is any chance for your to come toIt would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you.I am glad to tell you thatThere are also arrangements for which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy.The dinner
22、 starts at so that we can have a nice and long evening.I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision.道歉信 Letter of Apology我们在工作或生活中，有时难免会犯一些错误，写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出现差错的原因；提出弥补措施；请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚，解释的理由要真实，不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解，还会增进彼此的感情。写作“三步走”：表示歉意说明具体原因、提出
23、补救办法再次致歉、希望得到理解Tips:在写作过程中，尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。在解释完原因后，尽量提供一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加完满。（1）Directions:You are invited to a dinner at a friends house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination. Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your r
24、eason, and suggest a meeting at another time.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文：Dear Anne,Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. Unfortunately, it is
25、much to my regret that I cannot join you and your family, because I will be fully occupied then for an important exam coming the day after tomorrow. I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of such a happy get-together, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time. Is it possible for you and me
26、to have a private meeting afterward? If so, please dont hesitate to drop me a line about your preferable date. I do long for a pleasant chat with you.Please allow me to say sorry again.Regards,Li Ming译文：亲爱的安：感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是，我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约，因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾，我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光
27、。对了，在我考试后我们可以见一面么？如果可以的话请随时给我打电话，我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。请允许我再一次致歉。您真诚的，李明闪光词汇及词组：occupy: v. 占用，占get-together: n. 聚会，联欢会hesitate: v. 犹豫，踌躇drop sb. a line: 给某人打一个电话preferable: adj. 更好的，更可取的long for sth: 渴望万能句型：Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. Unfortunately, it is much to m
28、y regret that I cannotI feel terribly sorry for missing the change ofIs it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards?If so, please dont hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date.Please allow me to say sorry again.辞职信 Letter of Resignation现代人处在竞争非常激烈的大环境中。为了谋求更好的发展，有很多人
29、，尤其是一些年轻人，辞职、跳槽的现象屡见不鲜。那么如何写辞职信呢？写辞职信时要说明辞职原因，有时需说明离开的时间以给对方一个物色接替人选的时间，以免给所在单位造成不必要的麻烦。然后还要感谢对方曾经给过自己这样的工作机会。写作“三步走”：提出辞职说明原因，表示遗憾或感谢期盼回复Tips:在写作辞职信的时候语气一定要诚恳，尤其是要表达遗憾的心情，同时对于原雇主曾经给自己的这份工作机会表达感激之情。（1） 2005 年真题Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. Bu
30、t now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, and stating your reason(s).You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not
31、write the address.范文：Dear Mr. Wang,I am writing to inform you of my intention of withdrawing from my current position in this magazine.Though having worked here for merely two months, I, unfortunately, find that this job is quite different from my expectation. First of all, I have to say that my sal
32、ary is far from satisfying, which barely sustains me in this expensive city. Moreover, so far I have never had the responsibility of any challenging task.I apologize in advance for any inconvenience it might bring to you.Yours truly,Li Ming译文：尊敬的王先生：我给您写这封信是想辞去我目前在杂志中的职位。尽管我在这里仅仅工作了两个月，但是我发现这份工作并不符合
33、我的预期。首先，我的工资远远不能令人满意，使我在这昂贵的城市中生活艰难。此外，到目前为止，我没有机会负责任何具有挑战性的工作。我为对此可能给您带来的不便致歉。您真诚的，李明闪光词汇及词组：intention: n.意图, 目的withdraw from: 离开，撤出，退出merely: adv. 仅仅，只，不过be far from：远远不及，远远不够barely: adv. 刚刚，仅仅，几乎不能sustain: vt. 支撑，撑住，维持，持续have responsibility of sth: 负责某事万能句型：I am writing to inform you ofThough hav
34、ing, I, unfortunately, find thatFirst of all MoreoverI apologize in advance for请求信 Letter of Request请求信是对收信人提出请求，并希望对方满足该要求。写请求信的重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事，请求他人做某事的原因。写请求信时首先要说明写作意图，一定要注意语气要礼貌，用词要规范；然后具体展开说明请求的原因；最后表示希望对方予以答复。写作“三步走”：介绍自己、提出请求说明原因及其它事项表达谢意、期盼答复Tips:在许多情况下，请求信是写给不认识的人或者机构，所以在信的开头可以做一下简单的自我介绍
35、。同时，由于提出的请求往往都是需要麻烦别人的事情，所以要注意语气的礼貌程度，不要吝啬你的感谢。（1） 2006 年真题Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help
36、 and how you will carry out your plan.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文：To Whom It May Concern,My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the ho
37、pe of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support.First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this plan owing to my decent income from part-time jobs. As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elemen
38、tary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school. I would like to pay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university.Thank you for your time.Yours cordially,Li Ming译文：有关负责人：我叫李明，是北京大学的学生。我给您写这封信的目的是希望可以资助一名贫困学生，请您帮我物色一名合适
39、的人选。首先我想声明我有着实现这个计划的财政能力，因为我现在的兼职工作可以给我带来不菲的收入。至于具体的人选，我希望他/她是来自经济落后的中国西部地区的一名小学生，因为贫困原因而被迫退学。我将支付该学生的学费和其它杂费等，直至其大学毕业。感谢您的时间和耐心。您真挚的，李明闪光词汇及词组：in the hope of: 希望assistance: n. 帮助，协助first and foremost: 首先declare: v. 声明possess: v. 拥有implement: v. 实施owe to: 因为，由于decent income: 不错的收入as to: 至于less devel
40、oped: 欠发达的万能句型：I am writing in the hope of your assistance toThank you for your time.建议信 Letter of Advice建议信是对收信人就某一问题提出看法、建议或忠告。建议信不同于投诉信，所以写信人一定要注意礼貌当先。建议信一般包括以下内容：首先说明写信的目的，其次，在肯定优点的基础上提出自己的建议或看法（否则别人以为你在投诉，而不是在提建议），最后表达希望采纳建议。写作“三步走”：自我介绍、说明目的委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告礼貌地总结或期盼回复Tips:提建议毕竟不是投诉，所以语言一定要委婉、
41、礼貌，顾及他人感情。在提出缺点之前，最好先肯定其优点（1） 2007 年真题Directions:Write a litter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文：To Whom It
42、 May Concern,As a student of this university, I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for your kind assistance as always. Meanwhile, I feel that it would be beneficial to express my views concerning the quality of the library service.In the first place, I find that most keybo
43、ards of the library computers are in poor operation, which brings much inconvenience to the users. I would also recommend the library to improve the efficiency of purchasing new books and subscribing to academic journals. Last but not least, the study rooms need to be furnished with a better lightin
44、g system.I hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.Yours sincerely,Li Ming译文：有关负责人：作为本校学生，首先我想利用这个机会对于您一直以来的帮助表示感谢。同时，我也想对图书馆的服务提出一些建议，相信将有助于服务的提高。首先，我发现图书馆电脑的大部分键盘都有操作上的问题，给用户带来很多不便。我也想建议图书馆提高购买新书和定购学术期刊的工作效率。最后，自习教室的照明系统也需要进一步的改进。我希望您能够认真考虑我的建议。您真诚的，李明闪光词汇及词组：take the opportun
45、ity to: 利用这个机会beneficial: adj.有益的keyboard: n. 键盘purchase: v. 购买subscribe to: 定购be furnished with: 安装有lighting system: 照明系统万能句型：I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for your kind assistance as always.I feel that it would be beneficial to express my views concerningIn the fi
46、rst placeI would also recommendLast but not leastI hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.求职信 Cover Letter of Job Application求职信也是申请信的一种，是写信人就某一职位向收信人提出请求。求职信一般包括以下几个方面的内容：首先要阐述清楚招聘信息的来源，以及所申请的职位；其次简述个人信息；然后进一步强调自己的能力，表达抱负，并请求给予面试机会；最后提出自己的希望，希望得到面试的机会，并且告诉对方你的联系方式。求职信的语言属于正式用语
47、，在写作过程中一定要注意用词简洁准确，语气礼貌自信，态度不卑不亢，所给信息具有一定的可信度。尤其是在强调自身经历和优点的时候，更应把握尺度。写作“三步走”：自我介绍，说明求职目的展示个人能力、经历及求职动机希望面试机会、表示感谢Tips:由于篇幅较短，而申请者需要尽可能地向用人单位推销自己，所以在求职信中宜笼统概说自己的求学和工作经历，突出一至两个吸引眼球的闪光点即可。（1）Directions:You are a graduate student of X University, and you are interested in the position of business manag
48、er that is advertised on the newspaper. Write a letter to the company stating the reasons for your application, your qualification for the position, and asking for an interview.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instea
49、d.Do not write the address.范文：Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to apply for the position of business manager you advertised in yesterdays China Daily.To briefly introduce myself, I am a graduate student of Peking University majoring in business administration, and expect graduation this June. Not only have I excellent academic performance in all courses, I also possess the rich experience of assisting management staff of several renowned international companies, such as KPMG and Microsoft. My interactive personal skills and teamwork spirit are also appropri
