1、- 1 -一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为： 数词单位词of不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。(A) 物质名词： a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelrya piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece
2、(slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalka bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup(B) 抽象名词 a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an
3、item) of information a piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词 a (an)常被省略。之前可加 a, the, some, any, etc. What kind of (a) pencil did you buy? I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of f
4、lower. I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knif
5、e-knives, wife-wives, half-halves3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以y 结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, p
6、otato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 特殊变化 medium media, child children, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规
7、则 例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可 class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, - 2 -以
8、作复数（成员） team, public, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7表示“某国人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women English
9、men, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s the
10、 boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 复数名词不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Jap
11、an and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s 所有格的用法： 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体 th
12、e ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措 )3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：
13、the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ） ，定冠词（the ） ，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one，per We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same W
14、e are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.- 3 -6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于 s
15、o(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9 物质名词或抽象名词加 a (an)即成普通名词 This is a good cloth for summer.10 “have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”，与抽象名词的动词形同义 Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the
16、 Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“ 夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.8 用于专有名词前：国家党派、公共建筑、机关、江河湖海、山川群岛、报刊、经典的名词前
17、the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.13 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前 This is the book that I promised to le
18、nd you.III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America
19、.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类，颜色名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day by day, man to man8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.9 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。 He was elected president.10School; church; hospital 等字，指原有的用途时
20、不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词School begins at eight. （school 作抽象名词用）The school stands on the hill. （school 指建筑物）三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they1 人称代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2 物主 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their- 4 -代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, t
21、heirs3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little
22、/ a few/ a little, 7 不定代词other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like. some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct t
23、he mistakes, if any.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和 any 后没有名词时，当做代名词， 此外两者也可做副词。Some of them are my students.代名词） Is your mother any better?（
24、副词）4) some 和数词连用表示 “大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student ha
25、s strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other
26、 泛指 “另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others 表示其余所有的人或物。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指 “又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛
27、指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither 和none.All of the books are no
28、t written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I. 形容词：- 5 -1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2
29、 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置,为加强语气或音调美 a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容
30、词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词 数词 性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词 基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度 颜色国籍产地材料质地allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone名词3) 复合形容词的构成：1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered
31、3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 10数词+名词 twenty-year5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 11数词名词形容词 three-hundred-year-old 6 名词+形容词 world-famous2.形容词的用法：1) 紧靠着 代）名词的形容词：upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare字尾为 en 或表比较
32、的形容词，大多只能放在名词的前面 a wooden leg; earthen ware(2)形容词前有 so; no; too; how 等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。He could not do it in so short a time. He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).2) 作补语的形容词：(1) be形容词介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with(to); be late for;
33、be subject to; be worthy of; etc.(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接 at; about; with; in; of 等介词。John is interested in English grammar. He was surprised at her behaviour.(3) be形容词介系词：可接代名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是 that 子句须省略介词，因 that 子句不可直接作介词的受词。She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned. She was not aware t
34、hat there is danger.(4) It+ be 形容词that 子句 此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true;(A) that 子句中的假设法。 It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should 可省略）(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。 Im not sure why he came.3) 有关 worth; worth while; worthy 的句型 如下:- 6 -(A) 主词(含 it) + be worth + (动) 名
35、词(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词(D) 主词 + be worthy + 不定词This book is worth reading. = It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.4) many 和 much 的用法：1many 修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much 修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。He has many fr
36、iends, but few true ones. There hasnt been much good weather recently.(2) many a 要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)3as many 和 so many 均等于 the same number of。 前有 as, like 时, 只用 so many。They worked like so many ants.(4) as much 等于 the same amount of
37、, 表同量和同一事情。He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 同量）I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 同一事情）(5)many 和 much 之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外 much 也可用副词。I dont eat much for lunch. 代名词） He is much taller than I. （副词5) (a) few 和(a) little 的用法： (a) few 用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little 用在不可
38、数名词之前。Few,little 含否定的意味。6) 其他的数量形容词：(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of 均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量） ， 修饰不可数名词。(3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。the number of 复
39、数名词单数动词7) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词冠词或数词(one, two.) (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) +复数可数名词8) the rest of “其余的”， 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词） The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）注：the rest 作代名词， 等于
40、 the others， 和复数动词连用。 II. 副词副词的分类：1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however
41、, meanwhile4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why- 7 -副词的位置：1 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。 The mountain is very beautiful.2 及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.3 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。 She was born in Taipei in 1948.4 置于句首修饰全句 Fortunately he succeeded
42、 in the examination5 同类副词 单位较小者 + 单位较大者排列 He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.6 地点+状态+次数+时间 She arrived there safely the other day.在一般动词前 They always say so在 be 动词后 I am always busy7 频率副词在助动词和实义动词间 This job will never be finished.8 三种时间副词“期段频率时侯” I was there for a day or so every year
43、 during my childhood9 Seldom, rarely, never 等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首，要将助动词或 be 动词放在主词之前。 Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.10 地方副词通常置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。He lives in a small village. They are not there.11两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。The children running around upstairs.几个特殊副词的用法：(1) enough
44、 放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too 放在形容词和副词前面。Shes old enough to do some work. Shes too old to do any work.(2) very, much (A) very 修饰原级形容词，副词； much (或 very much)修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词或动词。He spoke very carefully. This is much better. .This is much (by far) the best. It is much talked about these days.(3) already, yet, s
45、till(A) Already 用于肯定句，作“已经”解； yet 用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解。Already 用在疑问句或否定句时，表惊讶。I already like him. He cant drive yet. Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)(B) Still 表动作或状态的持续，作“仍然”解。Still 放在动词前后，有时句意不同。He is still standing. (continue to stand) He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
46、(4)only 和 also 常随句中位置的变动，句意和语气也会改变。Only John phoned Mary today. John phoned only Mary today. John phoned Mary only today (today only).(5) just, merely, purely, simply 等字放在所修饰的词语之前； alone 则放在其后。You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer. You can get a B grade for that answer
47、alone.副词应注意的事项：(1) 有些字可当形容词又可当副词, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.We had an early breakfast. (形容词) We had breakfast early. (副词)(2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home 等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。 The ab
48、ove statement (= the statement which is above)(3) 有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加 ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。(A) easy“ 安适地 ”; easily“容易地”; Stand easy! Hes not easily satisfied.- 8 -(B) clear ( = completely“完全地”; clearly“显然地”) The bullet went clear through the door. The thieves got clearly away.(C) high“高”; highly“很; 非常”
49、The birds are flying high. He was highly praised for his work.(D) Slow 和 slowly 当副词时同义, 但 slow 比 slowly 语气强. I told the driver to go slow(er). Drive slowly round these bends in the road.(E) hard“辛苦地”; hardly“几乎不” He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.) He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.)(F) just“刚才; 仅”; justly“公正地” Ive just seen him. He was justly punished.(G) late“迟”; lately (= recently)“最近地” He went to bed late. I havent seen Mr. Green late
