1、四、六级写作应试技巧,段落的写作 Topic sentencesupporting sentence Asupporting sentence asupporting sentence bsupporting sentence Bsupporting sentence asupporting sentence b Concluding sentence,Comparison and contrast,Topic sentence Supporting sentences Similarities: Comparison 1 Comparison 2 Differences: Contrast
2、1 Contrast 2 Concluding sentence,Example:,Although old people in the United States and in my country, Japan, are treated the same in some ways, in other ways they are treated differently. In both countries the elderly are shown respect. Give seat Ride the bus with less money,Nevertheless, in Japan t
3、he elderly have the highest respect. In Japan, Grandparents live with their families In the US, they live in the “senior citizen” places.Concluding sentence I think it is better for families to live together in companionship.,Topic sentence,Topic sentence : topic + controlling ideatopic: 段落谈论的人物、事物或
4、问题controlling idea: 对话题进行说明，限制段落的发展方向e.g. The house by the riverside in the village was haunted.,Whats a good topic sentence?,主题句要明确，让人一看即知。 主题句要概括，同时要包含可扩展主题的词、词组或从句。Neither too general nor too specific. Examples:John is a good man.John gets up at six oclock in the morning.John is very busy during
5、the day.,g,s,e,主题句的写法,设疑式Should a man put loyalty to his country above loyalty to his friend? 要领式Beauty usually refers to what appeals to the eyes, but it can also refer to what appeals to the mind. 对比式In choosing an ideal husband, some suggest wealth, while some look for a man who is handsome. 定义式C
6、oncrete words are those which are precise and accurate in their meanings. 引用式As the saying goes,”Still waters run deep.”,发展句,对主题句进行说明、阐述或引申 单一性：每个发展句都应围绕主题句展开 连贯性：使用衔接手法，是句与句之间层次分明，合乎逻辑。,句间连词的运用,In my opinion In my view To my knowledge I am of the opinion that As I see it It seems to me that General
7、ly/Properly/Practically/Frankly speaking,让步,although, no matter how, however, in spite of, anyhow, anyway, in any case, at any rate, regardless of,强调,certainly Truly Above all Without doubt Undoubtedly As a matter of fact Indeed In fact,总结,To sum up To sum up in a word To conclude All in all On the
8、whole In a word In brief In conclusion,对比,On the contrary In contrast But Though While On the other hand However whereas,因果,Consequently Because Due to Since Thus therefore,常用句式,指出一种倾向，引出事实或现状，提出一个问题或看法。Topic sentenceWith the accelerated pace of modern life, more and more city-dwellers are eager to
9、take a vacation outside the city for a change.It is well known to us that the computer plays a very important role in the age of knowledge economy.From the graph given above, it can be seen that peoples living standard has been greatly improved in the past decade.,分析原因，进行比较，阐述不同观点或进行反面论述。Supporting
10、sentence,There are three possible reasons for this. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gain from A. Unfortunately, however, tourism also gives rise to a number of problems. However, other people argue that big cities are confronted with many
11、 problem.,对全文阐述的内容进行概括和总结，说明个人的看法，提出解决办法或建设性的建议。Concluding sentence,From what has been mentioned /discussed above, we may draw/ reach/arrive at/come to the conclusion that examination is necessary. However, its method should be improved. In my opinion, the computer will never replace man because it
12、has no intelligence of its own. In short, it can be said that in modern society, we could not lie without electricity. In order to narrow the generation gap, both groups should respect each other, listen to the words of each other and discuss their problems patiently.,四级考试主要测试形式,段首句作文段首句实际上就是主题句e.g.
13、 Praise is very useful and important to a person._The effect of praise is even greater on children. _Try to praise others in your everyday life. _,提纲作文 提纲包含文章段落的中心思想，要准确理解，提炼出完整的段落主题句。不能随意自由发挥。 e.g. How to Succeed in a Job Interview (01.1 CET6) 面试在求职过程中的作用 取得面试成功因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,解题方法：第一段：面
14、试在求职过程中的重要性第二段：列举一些有助于面试成功的一 些因素第三段: 结论，只要做到以上几点，就会 在面试中取得成功,图表作文 要有针对性，不用所有数据一一列出 要注意哪些数据前后变化最大。 借助有关数据和提示，紧扣文章的主题，对数据所反映的问题或现象进行说明、评论，写出作者自己的看法和事物发展的趋势。 分析要有说服力。,以期中考作文为例 （图表+提纲）思路：第一段：介绍图表的总体内容，解释图表中反映的变化。指出某种规律或发展趋势。第二段：对其中趋势进行分析，分析产生这种变化的原因。第三段：提出解决的办法。,相关词语,reach come to rise to increase shoot
15、 up to amount to soar rocket on the rise decrease drop reduce decline (v.) on the decline(n.) growth rate chart, table, graph, diagram, figure, statistics, statement, data,According to the table, we can see that It can be seen from the diagram that On the basis of the statistics given, we can clearl
16、y see that As (is) shown in the pictures As can be see from the diagram After analyzing the statistics, we can clearly see that,书信作文格式：Address of the SenderDate Inside Address Salutation BodyComplimentary CloseSignatureOfficial Position,看图作文,正确理解图画所反映的事实、包含的思想内容或象征意义，把图中所提供的信息转化为文字形式。又要根据合乎逻辑的想象和推理展
17、开议论，写出图画所包含的思想内容。 写好作文的关键是仔细观察、体微画面内容，揭示画面内容的内在涵义，紧扣主题展开描述或议论。,写作中的亮点,适当的运用名言、名句、言语、格言或精彩的话语The hand that holds the cradle rules the world today. (Woman in the Modern World)Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind on it.Nothing venture, nothing have.,灵活模仿使用简单明确的英文句型和语法结构,Reading i
18、s to the mind what food is to the body.A is to C what D is to B.Science is to the human mind what air or water is to the body. Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is money, there is power.Where there is examination, there is examination-oriented education.,建议：按格言、谚语的意义分类记忆 如何运用？As the
19、saying goes, The English proverb says, It is a common saying that , as a Chinese saying goes.,Writing Exercise: A Letter to the Editor,Read the newspaper article below and discuss the different peoples reactions to the event it describes. You are going to write a letter to the editor in response to
20、it.Luck or Thievery,Questions for your discussion,Is it wrong to keep money that you havent earned? What does it mean that the money is insured? Who will pay back the money? Is it true that the loss of the money doesnt hurt anyone? What would you do if you were one of the motorists? Would you take t
21、he money? What would you do if you were an official of the town?,Should the motorists return the money? Reasons why the motorists should return the moneyReasons why the motorist should not return the money,The Organization of a Letter to the Editor,Regarding the report on Americans who dont pay taxe
22、s on money they make from small home businesses (Oct. 23): My opinion is that the government should stay out of at least one part of our lives.First of all, .Secondly, .Finally, . Let us Americans be free at least in our own homes!Al Melinowski,Writing skills,Supporting an opinion with a general sta
23、tement and examples.First of all, most people who run these small businesses are law-abiding citizens. Many of them have other jobs where they pay more than their share of taxes. Others are people who want jobs where they have to pay taxes, but cant find them. General truth:_ Examples: _,Supporting
24、an opinion with predictionsIf these small businesspeople have to keep the complicated records that the tax people require, they wont have time to sell old furniture, prepare food for parties, or whatever their business involves. Ex. What will happen if the government opens gambling casinos in your c
25、ity?everyone gives one-tenth of his or her income to charity?,Stating opinions:,Read the following expressions. Which of them are strong? Which are more moderate? I disagree with is total nonsense. My opinion is that Only a fool would disagree with I believe is completely absurd.,Useful words and ex
26、pressions,The law forbids/prohibits that The law provides/stipulates that It is against the law to The wrong haunted his conscience. have a guilty conscience His conscience overcame him. A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder.,homework,Write a letter to the editor in response to the article “Luck or T
27、hievery?” in about 200-300 words.,Avoid Faulty Reasoning,False analogy: comparing two things that are not similarexample: Some people have to gamble. The are just like thieves because they can hurt other people.,Generalization: saying that something is true for all when it is only true for some, or
28、making a general statement based on only a few casesexamples: All Americans are rich.There is a wealthy man who comes into the restaurant where I am a waiter and never leaves a tip. Rich men are stingy.,Irrelevant argument: giving an example or reason that does not relate to the opinionexample: I do
29、nt think the accountant was embezzling（贪污、盗用）money form the his company because he has a nice family and always goes to church.Borrowing money always causes problems. Two days after Mario borrowed money, his wife asked for a divorce.,Begging the question: giving a reason that only restates the opini
30、on in different words.Gambling is wrong because it is immoral.,Quotations and proverbs about money.,Money speaks sense in a language all nations understand.-Aphra Behn (16401689) Money is our madness, our vast collective madness.- D. H. Lawrence (18851930),It has been said that the love of money is
31、the root of all evil.- Samuel Butler (18351902) Money buys everything except love, personality, freedom, immortality, silence, peace.- Carl Sandburg (18781967),期中考“精彩”翻译共赏,沿着他们雕刻的龙盘绕在中间 步上那雕印着中世纪蟠龙的足迹 进入一个画满复杂精美的顶 有复杂的壁画在屋顶，巨大的灯 雕梁画洞 埋服在那里 捣毁海岸边的开枪 提供遮护给地面部队在空旷的海岸边 在他们的地图上，阿拉斯加浓缩了48个州在其中 使其它48个州变得矮小,
