1、,大学英语四级考试系列讲座写作郭树林,1 四级考试写作现状分析 英语写作是体现英语学习者语言运用能力的一个重要方面，也是四、六级英语考试的必考题型之一。按常规来说，学生通过多年的学习，积累了一定的词汇、语言结构等方面的知识，写作对学生应该不是很难的事。 但事实并非如此。据初步调查，全国四级考试写作部分平均分数在及格线（9分）以下。11分以上的占不到8%。而在6分左右的却高达40% 以上。这种现状说明学生的英语四、六级写作已成为一个不可忽视的问题，其水平亟待提高。,2 四级考试写作失分原因 2.1 错误拼写多，字迹混乱，书写潦草，猛涂猛改,让教师难以看懂，无法理解,产生不良印象。 2.2审题马虎
2、,文不对题，语无伦次，东拼西凑的痕迹严重，让人感觉不知所云。 2.3没有连接过度词 2.4基本的句子结构概念不清。具体说，主、谓、宾、定、状、补不能区分，用中文思维，逐字翻译，句子不通,语法错误多。 2.5时间不够,虎头蛇尾。,3 教学大纲对写作的基本要求 在30分钟内“能就一定的话题和给定的提纲、表格或图示写出100120词的短文，信和便条等，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。,4.国家教育部限定了大学英语四、六级考试以6分作为最低作文及格分数线，赋予作文对考试成绩特有的部分单项否决权。也就是说，如果作文分数低于6分，那么总分要倒扣。 考生作文若为0分，其总分即便高于60分，均作不及格处理。若其
3、作文分在0-6分之间，报成绩时须从总分中减去6分，再加上实际的作文分。因此，在写作文时，大家要切记：,5. 四、六级写作的评分原则 大学英语四、六级作文考试采取总体评分方法，即阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。这种评分方法的好处在于更注重篇章结构，也更客观地反映考生表达思想的能力。 但事实上，阅卷教师在看到 He is study . 等类似的低级错误的时候，大脑中的给分标准就已经成形。因此，考生既要注意篇章的总体结构，更要注意拼写、标点符号、基础句式等具体内容。力争做到身体透彻、言简易赅、逻辑性强、语言规范、避免语法错误、字迹清晰、标点正确、卷面整洁。给阅卷教师眼前
4、一亮的感觉,6. 四、六级写作的评分标准 6.1本题满分为15分。 6.2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各有标准样卷1-份。 6.3阅卷老师根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分；若认为稍优或劣于该分数，即可加1分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。,A Brief Introductionto a Tourist Attraction I feel it a great honour to be your tour guide today. First, on behalf of my company, I warm
5、ly welcome all my distinguished guests from Australia to visit Shanghai and the Oriental Pearl TV Tower.,Located on the Huangpu River, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower is now the symbol of the city. Built in 1994 and opened to the public in 1995, it is now the highest building in Shanghai and the third h
6、ighest in Asia. The tower has a quite unique structure and consists of 3 large balls and 5 small balls. Inside the balls, you can have a birds eye view of the city.,Our schedule for the trip to the TV tower is as follows: you have an hour from 9:30-10:30am to experience the history of Shanghai on th
7、e first floor. Then well assemble in the middle of the hall at 10:30 and have another hour to overlook at the beautiful city sceneries in the middle ball.,Finally please do remember to go to the top ball at 11:30 to enjoy your lunch. Thanks for listening. Have a good time! 14分 184 words 分析点评：文章切题，思想
8、表达清楚，文字流畅，内容比较充实，基本上无语言错误。,8. 开头段 Welcome everyone (1)come to visit Shanghai. Im the tour guide. Im glad to introduce you the city where I grow up. 主体段 Now the following is the (2)3 schedule for the day (3)where we will go. At first, well go to the Shanghai Museum at 9 am. I believe youll like there
9、.,You can learn some history of China as you are (4)interested in our country. Secondly, at noon, well go to the Yu Garden and have a rest. You can not only buy something that you like but also have something to eat.,The food is so delicious that Im sure that everyone will like. At 2 pm well go to t
10、he next site which is also the last one today. The last place is Pudong. Youll find the development of Shanghai is fast. And at about 4 pm, it will be (5)end and well go back to the hotel.,结尾段 I hope everyone will have a good time today. If you meet with troubles, you can turn to me for help at any
11、time. 8 points 173 words 分析点评：文章切题，但有些地方表达不够清楚。文字勉强连贯,有较多的语言错误。,9. 让评卷老师在疲劳烦躁之时感到眼前一亮 这些会令老师们当精神感到突然间为之一振的兴奋点或作文亮点是一直存在于四、六机阅卷老师大脑中的框框四、六级作文评分标准，考生的作文如果符合了这些条条框框，老师们因长时间阅卷而感到怠倦的神经就会感到振奋，作文要取得高分也就变得轻松的多了.。 漂亮清晰的英文书写就像一个人的外表；准确的单词拼写，恰当地标点符号的使用，地道的英语表达句式，而不是用汉语思维生搬硬套，会使之漂亮的外表锦上添花；突出的主题，巧妙的构思，清晰的脉络，流畅的行
12、文则使这漂亮的外表增添几分内涵；恰到好处的字数又不会暴露着漂亮外表之后的瑕玷。这就会给阅卷人一种众里寻她千百度的美秒之感。,10.审题 传统的十二句作文法，这里所说的十二句作文法不仅包括一般英文写作的方法而且包括一套行之有效的写作方法。它的具体内容有以下几点。 我们拿到作文后第一件要做的事就是审题。审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那末审题要审什麽呢？,审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什末样的体裁就会用什末样的题材去写。那末体裁包括那些呢？它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。,假设你在某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书的内容包括以下几个
13、要点： 1车祸发生的时间、地点 2你所见到的车祸情况 3你对车祸原因的分析 题目：An Eye-Witness of a TrafficAccident 叙述文On October 1, 2003, I witnessed an accident on Huangshan Road on my way to my university.时间、地点、人物,过程：It was around three oclock in the afternoon and I was riding my bicycle. Hardly had I got to major crossroads when the
14、green traffic light flashed, so I stopped. The traffic light soon turned red, but a middle-aged man, also riding a bike, passed me on my left and decided to take a risk.,Much to my surprise, he was followed by two or three people. It was most unlucky for the man who first rushed out to be hit by a t
15、axi running at full speed. With a harsh sound of the emergency brake, the car stopped but the man fell down to the ground, groaning and bleeding. The red light was still on at that moment.,原因、看法：In my eyes, the major responsibility for this accident was on the side of the bicycle-rider. It was becau
16、se he had violated the traffic regulation that the accident took place. The taxi driver was also to blame because if he had slowed down at the crossroad, the consequence would not have been serious at all.,分析点评 这篇文章是2003年6月的四级真题作文，属于叙述文。很多同学可能一看到题目后不知道从何处入手。其实，它看上去是一篇实用文体，但就写作而言，仍然属于叙述文。文章分三个段落，紧紧围绕
17、提纲进行写作，先点出事件发生的时间、地点，见解明了，与题目呼应，第二段有七句话，详细地交待了事故发生的时间以及作者当时的举动。第三段分析了事故的原因。,通过阅读本篇文章，我们不难发现作者用词简明、精确、地道，造句优美，富于变化，彰显了深厚的语言功底和驾驭文章的技巧。如动词以及短语“witness”（目睹），“take a risk”（冒险），“groan”（呻吟），“bleed”（流血），“violate”（违犯、冒犯），以及“slow down”（减速）等。名词以及短语“Much to my surprise”（令我非常惊奇地），“at full speed”（全速），“emergency
18、brake”（紧急刹车），以及“consequence”（结果）等。还有“Hardly hadwhen”结构，更使文章闪光不断，妙笔生辉。,A Report Describing the Information Shown in a Table 描述图表所给信息的报告 说明文,The table shows the percentages of British households with various consumer durables between 1972 and 1983.（主题句） The number of households owning those modern hou
19、sehold appliances became larger and larger gradually during that period. （扩展句）,The most rapid increase was in telephone ownership, rising from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. The next was central heating ownership, rising from 37% in 1972 to 64% in 1983. Then the percentage of households with refrigerat
20、ors rose from 73% in 1972 to 94% in 1983. The percentage of households with washing machines rose 14%, while households with vacuum-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers increase by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively. Not until 1983 did 18% of households have video recorders.（细节）,The statistics show that du
21、ring that period the living standards of British people rose evidently since most households owned televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, telephones and two thirds of them had central heating. The statistics also indicates that people wanted to live comfortably and easily. (归纳、概括、结尾句),Can Mon
22、ey Buy Happiness议论文,1.recently, there has been a widespread concern that whether money can buy happiness arouses heated debate among people.(主题句) Some people assert that money is the source of happiness, while others hold the opposite idea that money is the root of all evils.（扩展句）,2.The person who h
23、old the first idea proclaim that they can do whatever he likes and buy whatever he enjoys with money, in their view, money can bring them everything from daily necessities to spirit satisfaction. In contrast, the objectors argue that driven by the lust for money, some people cheat, steal or rob, som
24、e even break the law because they think that they can turn to every means in order to get money. 主体，展开2个观点,3.结尾：As far as I am concerned, neither of the opinions mentioned above is absolutely right. On one hand, money is useful, but what really counts is the way to get it and the way to use it. On t
25、he other hand, money cant buy everything so we should not put/depend our happiness on money. In short, money, if it is in proper use, may bring us happiness,分析点评,此篇属于对比型议论文。对比两种观点：有人认为钱可以买到一切；有人认为钱是一切罪恶之源。最后提出作者自己的看法：两种观点都太极端，如果取之有道，用之有方则会给我们带来幸福。作者在第一段就清楚的交代了本文的中心：钱和幸福的关系并引入两种观点。第二段通过对比方法扩展了主题，同时又紧
26、扣主题，更具体的论证这两种观点。最后一段提出作者自己的态度看法。此篇文章论点明确，论证方法得当。始终围绕主题中心，没有偏离主题。,11.但从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如：Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic. Good Health You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given
27、in Chinese ) below :,1.Importance of good health 2.Ways to keep fit 3.My own practice 很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。这是片面的，因为，第一段要求写“.重要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第二段要求写“.保持身体健康的方法”，这说明本段要求写说明文；而第三段要求写“. 我的锻炼”，这说明本段要求写描述文。所以在大多数情形下，四级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。,议论文； 要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：身体好，会怎末样（这是从正面论述）；身体不好，会怎末样（从反面论述）；所以我们要好
28、好锻炼身体（结伦）。,说明文： 可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就以上作文而言，可以从几个方面（饮食、起居、运动）来说明段锻炼年身体的方法。 描述文： 以“我”为中心描述一个“练和保持健康的”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，他要与第二段相互应进行描述。,13主题句：第一部就是要写主题句。只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：It is very necessary to have good health . （议论体的主题句） There are several respects of keeping fit（说明
29、体的主题句） What I will do in the future is the following .(描述体主题句),13 确保文章条理清楚 对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚. 对于说明文来说条理要清楚. 对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚 就拿上例Good health 来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚就应这样写：正面（With good health ,we can.），反面（Without good health ,we can do nothing .We cant do.）,第二段为了使文章更具有条理性，我们可以用first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)等副词， 老师
30、的时间很短（每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），所以我们在列条目时最好不用: To begin with,. after that ,.And then, . The next , . The following , . At last . 。因为用这样的词语不利于老师看出你作文的条理性。,第三段 How can I do 考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。我们知道，四级作文都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。
31、这样全篇在十二句左右，每一句十多个词，就又120-150个字。大家可以试图找一些作文题练一练。,开头段主题句In our competitive society it is important to maintain good health. 扩展句1.On the one hand, people with good health can do work with full confidence. 扩展句2.On the other hand, a sick person is usually not interested in everything around him and 结束句th
32、erefore he loses many opportunities to become successful.,主体段主题句There are many ways to keep it. 扩First, those who are always on the go from morning till night should find time to relax because too much stress will affect their health. 扩Second, enough time should be left for sleep because that will h
33、elp one become rested and refreshed. 扩Finally, regular physical exercises benefit ones health a lot. 结束句So， one should always keep in mind that a certain amount of exercise is not a waste of time.,结尾主题句As for me, I like playing tennis in the morning. 扩I also attach much importance to enough sleep an
34、d relaxation. 结束句I believe this will ensure my good health for the rest of my life.,写作的“六项基本原则”：,一、有话说原则 所谓有话要说指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知说什么。一是考生的确无话可说；二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。 还有的是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，,原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯； 第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。,二、不说（写）错话原
35、则 大学英语教学大纲关于四级写作的要求是培养学生初步的写作能力。具体体现在四个方面： 1.切题与否; 2.内容表达清楚与否; 3.文字通顺连贯与否; 4.语言错误多与否;,由此看来，生动的语言固然是好，但还不是四级作文考察的重点，考生首先要保证写正确的句子，一旦出现I am work hard at English.这样的句式，就要扣分了，而且老师觉得你基础知识不行，综合印象分就下去了，因为作文分数不是按点来扣的，而是个综合印象分。 整个作文就前功尽弃,如何不错：1.短句语优先的原则 熟记：I cannot bear it. I cannot put up with it. I am look
36、ing forward to it. 2.主谓宾定状补原则 you must working hard.,三、说话精彩原则,The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of importance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted for a moment in our life.,那么很明显，最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去
37、搏击高分的句 四、 主题句原则,各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 五、 一 二 三原则 即连接词和过度词,1）first, second, third, last（不推荐
38、，原因：俗）的 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）的 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）的 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）的,5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）的 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）的 7）fi
39、rst and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）的 8）most important of all, moreover, finally的 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）的 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况,六、排比原则（排山倒海句） 如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, na
40、tural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏） 要写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比可！,七、独立主格原则。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.的 Africa is the se
41、cond largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.,八，倒装原则,倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。 常用的倒装形式有以下几种： Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.,Only + 介
42、词词组 Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps. 否定词位于句首(hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom),在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008
43、Olympic Games.,需要注意的几个问题 1.平时要注意积累 很多考生为了写好作文也作了好多工作，课下也付出了很多，包括背诵大量的文章等等，但是提笔写作时候，仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢？,我认为，很多考生虽然也背诵文章，但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述，他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子，倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程，而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此，我们在注重积累的同时，一定在平时练习的时候，把他们多家运用。只有多练多用，才能真正达到学以致用，才能真正提高写作水平。,2.词汇准确性,所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而
44、想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。 比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large,huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。,那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢？或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用big， 因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。,3.用上两到三
45、个词组,很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言。 如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，,平时有积累更好，如没有，考试的前一天特意准备两至三个，一定记熟，考试时想办法用上。 “play an important role in-”。 Turn up /on,4.句式使用,除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式：I am a
46、good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。,4. 记两个开头万能公式： 1 开头万能公式一： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）的 It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）的 更多经典句型：的,2 开头万能公式二：数字统
47、计的 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。的 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：的 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.,结尾万能公式： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.的 to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus的 更多句型：的 Thus, it can be concluded that, Therefore, we can find that的,Thanks !,
