1、语法专项（一）名词一可数名词与不可数名词：（一）一般来讲，可数名词是表示可以记数的人、事情的名词。主要包括个体名词和集体名词，可数名词一般有单数和复数两种。复数名词是由单数名词通过变化而来的，其变化有规则和不规则两种。1.规则变化:(1.) map _ pen _ teacher _ ( )(2.) bus _ box _ watch _ brush _ class _ ( )* stomach _ (3.) city _ country _ factory _ baby _ party _ family _boy _ key _ holiday _ monkey _ chimney _ (4
2、.) tomato _ potato _ hero _ *radio _ zoo _ * photo _ piano _ kilo _ video _(5.) knife _ thief _ half _ shelf _ wife _ leaf _*roof _ handkerchief _ 2.不规则变化：(1.) child _ (2.) mouse _ (3.) man _ woman _ foot _ tooth _(4.) sheep _ deer _ Chinese _ Japanese _ fish _ (5.) Englishman _ Frenchman _ policema
3、n _ (6.) American _ Australian _ Russian _ Canadian _(7.)* German _ 注意：1 有些名词只有复数形式：Clothes（衣服） trousers（裤子） glasses（眼镜）2 有些复合名词变成复数时，只将复合名词的主体词变为复数。(1.) boy student（男学生） _ student-teacher（实习生） _ shoe-maker（鞋匠） _ looker-on（旁观者）_ 3. 由 man 和 woman 构成的复合名词，两者都要变成复数。man teacher _ woman doctor _4. 有些词形式上
4、是单数形式，但意义上是复数。people（人民） class（班） police（警察） public（公众） team （队） youth（青年） 5 有些词形式上是复数，但意义上是单数。news（新闻） physics（物理） maths（数学） politics（政治）（二）不可数名词：表示不可以记数的事物的名词。不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与 a，an 连用。若要表示数量，需要加适当的单位名词或词组。如用 of 词组表示，其数的变化应表现在单位名词上。1有些物质名词要根据上下文来决定是可数名词还是不可数名词。(1) He ate a chicken
5、. His mother keeps some chickens .I like to eat some chicken (2) A glass is made of glass .2有些物质名词在表示不同类别时可以用复数形式.Tea（茶） -teas（各种茶） fruit（水果） -fruits（各种水果）3有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时，可以用复数形式。difficulty（困难） difficulties（困难的事）4 有些名词的单复数形式的意义不同。time- times wood- woods sand- sands paper- papers cloth-clotheswater-
6、waters work- works green- greens manner- manners5不可数名词常用词组来表示数量。a piece of paper a bottle of milk a lot of rice lots of money plenty of water二专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的名称的词。专有名词一般表示的是独一无二的事物；第一个字母要大写。有些专有名词的前面要用 the，有些专有名词的前面不用 the。1 不带冠词的专有名词（1）人名 Lu Xun Thomas Edison Professor Wang Judge Smith Pr
7、emier Zhou（2）称呼 Dad Uncle Tom Aunt Joan（3）地理名称 Beijing Shanghai China Asia（4）星期和月份 Monday January September（5）节日 National Day Teachers Day New Years Day （6）由“专有名词+ 普通名词”构成的专有名词 Oxford Road Kennedy Airport2要带冠词的专有名词（1）由普通名词或形容词构成的专有名词前要带 the .the Great Wall the United Nations the Summer Palace（2）由“普通
8、名词+ 专有名词”或 “专有名词+ 普通名词”构成的专有名词前面要带 the.the Peoples Republic of China the New York Times（3）表示全体国民的专有名词前面带 the . the Chinese the English（4）当姓氏的名词表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”时要带 the . the Smiths（5）表示书籍、报刊、杂志的名词前要 the . the Times the Readers Digest 文摘（6）团体、机构、学校、医院、公共建筑的名词前要 the .The West Lake Middle School the No.2
9、Primary School the Red Star Hospital（7）表示江河、湖海、运河、海湾、山脉、群岛、森林、平原、盘地、沙漠等的名词前要 the .The Yellow River the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Suez CanalThe Himalayas the North China Plain 华北平原 the Tarim Basin 塔里木盘地3表示国家及国家人的专有名词国家名(n.) 该国人(n.) 该国语言(n.) 该国（人）的(adj.)ChinaJapanRussiaGermanyAmericaAustraliaCanadaEngland
10、FranceChineseJapaneseRussianGermanAmericanAustralianCanadianEnglishmanFrenchmanChineseJapaneseRussianGermanEnglishEnglishEnglish / FrenchEnglishFrenchChineseJapaneseRussianGermanAmericanAustralianCanadianEnglishFrench / Frenchman注意：表示“某国人”的复数形式的表达法：（1）以-ese 结尾的名词，其单复数形式相同.（2）以-an 或以-ian 结尾的名词的复数在该词的
11、后面加 s.（3）以后缀-man 结尾的名词，其复数形式将-man 改为-men.三名词的所有格1表示人或有生命的东西的名词的所有格的构成：（1）在单数名词后加“s”构成. my brothers bike the boys mother the desks leg（2）在不以 s 结尾的名词后加“s” . the Childrens Palace WomensDay the peoples rights（3）在以结尾的名词后加 “ ” . the teachers desks the students bedrooms*注意：1。并列名词表示各自所属时，在两个名词后各加“s”. Lucys
12、and Lilys bedrooms2表示共同所属时只在最后一个名词“s” . Lucy and Lilys bedroom3以 s 结尾的专有名词后一般加 “ ” 或“s”. Dickens / Dickenss works4在名词后有其同位语时，只在同位语后加“s”. my younger brother , Johns5在表示店铺、某人的家、诊所或餐厅等的名词的所有格的名词可以省略。at my aunts at Mr Wangs at the doctors2 表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格通常是由 “of+名词” 构成的。eg. the map of China the footbal
13、l team of our school the windows of our classroom注意：（1）当表示有生命的东西的名词较长时，其所有格形式也可以用 of 表示。the books of Lu Xun the name of that boy over there（2）表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构等名词以及某些习惯用语中的名词的所有格也可以用“s” 表示。 Todays homework five minutes walkThe worlds population our schools history3双重所有格 “ of+名词s ”这种形式称为名词的双重所有格
14、。双重所有格常用来表示整体中的一部分。Eg. Tom is a friend of my brothers . ( a / the / any / some / no / few / several / two / ten )A friend of mine will come to see me next week . Tom is a child of theirs .（名词s 可以用 n.性.物主代词）* This is a photo of my sisters .（强调照片归我姐姐所有。至于照片上的内容是什么，则没涉及）* This is a photo of my mother .
15、（强调照片上的人是我妈妈。 ）4名词的句法功能。(1) Last week a soldier came to our village .（作主语）(2) It is his school bag .（作表语） (3) Would you like some apples , Tom ?（作宾语）(4) They made him the monitor of their class .（作宾语补足语）(5) Lets meet at the school gate then .（作定语）(6) The new film will last two hours .（作状语）(7) Miss Y
16、ang , the librarian of our school , likes reading books very much .（作同位语）(8) Dont open the window , Mei Mei .（称呼语）四主谓一致性。 英语句子由主语谓语组成。谓语包括谓语动词、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语等成分。其中谓语动词是其核心，谓语动词在人称和数上要跟主语保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循以下三个原则：1 语法一致原则，即谓语动词同主语在单复数形式上保持一致。Eg. He is from Beijing .2 概念上一致，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语表达的概念。Eg. His family
17、 are very well.3 邻近一致原则，即谓语动词的数与前面紧邻的词保持一致。Eg. There is a pen and some pencils in the box .（1） 人称、数的一致。 Eg. I am a student . You are a student . you are students .（2） 主语是抽象概念，不可数名词，由 some , any , no , every , one , body , thing 等组成的不定代词(复合代词） ，表示计算等时，动词用单数。 Eg. milk is white. Nobody is going there .
18、（3） people , police 作主语，其谓语动词用复数。 Eg The police are on duty .There are many people in the park . * people 人们 (pl.) many people / a peson / a man People 民族 、 “一个民族”: a people “很多民族”: many peoples（4） 集体名词 family , class , team , group 等看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；看作每一个成员时，谓语动词则用复数。Eg. My family is a big one .（5） 与
19、and 连接的并列主语表示不同的人和物时，谓语动词用复数，表示一个概念时则用单数。Eg. Lucy and Lily are twins . Both he and I are workers .（6） 用 and 连接的并列单数主语前有 every , each , no 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Eg. Every girl and every boy is hero . No man and no woman knows him .（7） 主语是单数，后跟 with , as well as , but , except , together ,together with 等组成的短语时
20、，谓语动词用单数。 Eg . He as well as I is a teacher . （他和我都是教师）The woman with a baby is my mother .（带孩子的那个妇女是我的母亲）（8） none 作代词有单数之意，也有复数之意。故其谓语动词根据主语之意定。Eg. None of us has got a computer . None of us have heard of it .（9） 金钱、距离、时间、重量、长度等复数名词作主语，通常当作整体看，谓语动词用单数。Eg. Three yuan is enough to pay for the pen .（1
21、0） trousers , shoes , glasses 等作主语，谓语动词用复数。 Eg. Her glasses are new .A pair of trousers costs 20 yuan . Some pairs of shoes have been sent to me .（11） most of , half of , some of , part of , a lot of 修饰名（代）词作主语，谓语动词与 of 后的名词、代词的数保持一致。 Eg. Most of the people dont speak Chinese .Half of the news is tr
22、ue . Some of the boys cime to school late . Part of the work was done by me .（12） news , maths , physics 等词貌似复数，其谓语动词用单数。Eg. The news is good .（13） many a ( man )（许多人） , moer than one ( person )（不止一人）作主语，意思是复数，因后跟名词是单数，故谓语动词也用单数。 Eg. Many a man has caught a cold .（14） eitheror , neither nor , not on
23、ly but also作主语，谓语动词与离它最近的名词 或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。 Eg. Either he or I am wrong .（15） There be 句型中谓语动词也与离它最近的名词 或代词在人称和数方面保持一致.Eg. There is a pen and some books on the desk .（16） 单复数相同的词如：Chinese , deer , sheep 等作主语，其谓语动词要具体情况决定用单数或复数。Eg. There is a sheep on the hill . Many sheep are eating grass now .（17）
24、书刊名词（复数） ，组织名称，国家名称，格言等作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数。Eg. Dickens American Notes was published in 1842.（18） 不定代词、动名词、从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Eg. Seeing is believing .Who did the work is unknown . To do it is not easy for us .Doing exercise一选择填空.( ) 1. In autumn _ turn yellow . ( A. leaves B. leafs C. leaf D. leafves )( ) 2.
25、 Are there any _ and _ on the desk ? ( A. radiios , photos B. radioes , photosC. radioes , photoes D. radios , photoes )( ) 3. There are _ in my basket . A.many tomato B.much tomatoes C.many tomatos D.lots of tomatoes )( ) 4. You should brush your _ before you go to bed . ( A. tooth B. teeth C. toot
26、hs D. toothes )( ) 5. _ are sitting at the table . ( A.Turners B. Turners C. The Turners D. turners )( ) 6. Is there _ in todays newspaper ? A. any important news B. many news importantC. an important news D. a news important( ) 7. These two _ are theirs . ( A.pencil-box B. pencils-boxes C. pencils-
27、box D. pencil-boxes )( ) 8. Look ! The cat is running after two _ . ( A. mouse B. mouses C. mice D. mices )( ) 9. How many _ are there in a year ? ( A. months B. monthes C. month D. mouths )( ) 10. June 1 is _ . ( A. a childs Day B. Childrens Day C. Children Day D. Childrens Day )( ) 11. Would you l
28、ike to buy _ ? (A. a shoe B. a shoes C. a pair of shoe D. a pir of shoes ) ( ) 12. Mary is the younger in her _ . ( A. home B. house C. family D. room )( ) 13. How much rice _ there in the bag ? ( A. is B. are C. have D. has )( ) 14. I want to buy _ . ( A. two abottles of milks B. two bottles of mil
29、k C. two bottle of milk D. two bottle of milks )( ) 15. It is _ today . ( A. Teacher Day B. Teachers Day C. a Teachers Day D. Teachers Day )( ) 16. That is _ . ( A. Kate and Mary mother B. Kates and Marys mother C. Kates and Marys mother D. Kate and Marys mother )( ) 17. That is _ bedroom . ( A.Lucy
30、 parents B.Lucys parents C.Lucy parents D. Lucys parents )( ) 18. Its ten _ walk from my home to my school . ( A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute )( ) 19. Is this dictionary sent by _ ? ( A. a friend of your brother B. a friend of your brothers C. your brother friends D. your brother friends
31、 )( )20. Some of the foreign friends are _ , the others are _.A. Japanese , England B. France , Germans C. American , German D. Australians , Germans二改错。从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中找出错误的一个，并在横线上改正。1. Do you like potatos or tomatoes ? ( ) _ 2. Mary ran fast , She won the girls 400-metre race yesterday . ( ) _3. T
32、he boy has two watchs . One is new , the other is old . ( ) _4. The Germen are going to fly to Shanghai . ( ) _6. The child has only three tooth in his mouth . ( ) _7. A friend of my is waithing for me at the school gate . ( ) _8. He has many money . He is very rich . ( ) _9. There are three woman d
33、rivers in their factory. ( ) _（二）代词代词包括：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词及个别的关系代词、疑问代词。一人称代词数 人称 格单数主格 宾格复数主格 宾格第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you you第三人称he himshe her it it they them 人称代词的用法。1 第一人称单数代表说话者，必须大写。 Thats what I mean . I cant read the sign .2 当句中同时有几个人称代词出现时，一般是按排列。He and I are to blame . Its our f
34、ault . You and he both enjoy music .3 人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时用宾格较多。He is a doctor . It is she Who helps me with my English .4 it 的用法 It 用作代词、引导词。（1） 作无人称代词的主语，表示天气、时间、距离。It rains usually in Nanjing in April . It was midnight . We should go to sleep .（2） 作先行词，引导非谓语动词或从句。 It is a good habit to do mor
35、ning exercises .It id a pity that you missed that train . He took it for granted to ask for help from his friend .（3） 在某些结构中习惯用 it 作主语。 It seemed that he did it . It doesnt matter who tells you .（4） it 作先行词的强调结构。常见的强调结构是：It is (was)+被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）+ who (that )。一般来说，被强调部分指人时用 who，指物时用 that。It is not
36、 I who am angry . It was yesterday that I first noticed it .二物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫作物主代词。物主代词有两种形式：一种是形容词性的物主代词，在句中只能充当定语；另一种是名词性物主代词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。1物主代词的基本形式第一人称 第二人称 第三人称形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性my mine your yours his hisher hersits itsour ours your yours theirs2物主代词的基本用法 （1）形容词性物主代词的用法1 形容词性物主代词通常修饰名词，
37、作定语。 Everybody must do his work well .2与 own 连用表示强调。 I saw it with my own eyes . Mind your own business ! （）名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语、表语。 This is your book . Mine is on the desk .名词性物主代词常用于双重属格，与 of 连接。 He is a friend of mine . This baby of hers is so lovely ! 名词性和形容词性的物主代词不能混用。 物主代词的单、复数必须和它所指代的词一致。
38、 对于 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody,应根据上下文来判断 his 或 her，有时也用theirs。Everybody must see about their lunch . Has everyone finished their drinks ? If anyone happens to call while I am away , please tell him to ring after 7 p.m.三反身代词 表示反射或强调的代词。反身代词应与它所指的对象在人称、性别、数上保持一致。反身代词的基本形式人称 数 单数 复数第一人称 mysel
39、f ourselves第二人称 yourself yourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves反身代词基本用法（）作动词宾语。 I dont mean to praise myself . I have my faults .（）作介词宾语. She thought of others instead of herself .（）作表语. That poor boy was myself .（）作同位语，表示强调。 I myself saw it . Youll have to do it yourself .（）用于固定习语中。 Dress one
40、self call oneself teach oneself help oneself四指示代词 表示人或事物的代词。主要有 this ,that , these , those. This,that 用于指代单数; these ,those 用于指代复数。This,these 用于指离说话地点较近的地方；that,those 用于指离说话地点较远的地方。指示代词的用法（）This,these 指近的事物，that,those 指远的事物。可以指空间的远近、时间的前后以及叙述事物的先后。（）such 与 same such 表示“如此、这样的人或事” ，same 表示“同样的人或事” 。在句
41、中作主语或宾语。五不定代词 不定代词的分类：（1）普通不定代词 some , any , no ,something , anyone , nothing .（2）个体不定代词 all , every , each , other , another , either , neither , both , half .（3）数量不定代词 many , much , few , little , a few , a little , a lot of , a great deal .2不定代词的用法（1）some , someone , somebody , something 一般用于肯定句.
42、 He ask me some questions .（2）any , anyone , anybody , anything 一般用于否定句和疑问句. （3）no , nobody , no one , nothing , 一般用于句中表示否定意义。（4）不定代词 one 指代可数名词，既可以指人，亦可指物，它可以代替上下文中出现的单数可数名词。代表复数时可以用 ones . I prefer red roses to white ones .（5）none 通常只用作名词，在句中作主语、宾语等。意思为“没有任何人或物” ，既可指人，也可指物。noe 后常跟 of 短语，其后用复数可数名词或
43、不可数名词。None of the money was ever found . Thats none of your business .（5） both , all Both should make concessions .（双方都应该作出让步。 ）All are welcome . Both of the books were very good .(7) every , eachEach child gets one piece of cake . Every student wants to see that film .(8) other , anotherOther 只作形容词
44、或代词（不可单独作代词用） ，表示“其他的，别的”The other 作形容词或代词，特指另一个或另一部分，也之两者中或两部分的另一部分。Others ; other 的复数形式，作代词，表示“另一些，别的（人或物） ”The others ; 作代词，表示“剩下的，其余的”特指除此以外的全部人或物。Another；作形容词或代词，泛指三个以上不定数目的“另一个，类似的一个” 。（9）either , neither Neither of them was any good . Either of the ideas is equally useful .Neither is correct
45、.(10 ) many , much , most I wonder if many people will come to the party . I have much advice to give him .(11) (a ) few , ( a) littleI met a few of friends there . I have eaten a little . I have very few left .注意： (1) one , it (2) no one , none (3) all , both (4) all , whole(5) a lot of , plenty of
46、 既可以修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。A bit of , a great deal of , 只能修饰不可数名词。 A number of 修饰可数名词.(6) this (that ) kind (type , sort ) of ,different kinds of (7) every , some , any , no one , nobody , nothing ,六疑问代词和关系代词七相互代词 each other , one another Doing exercise改错1. Could you look after she for me while I am away ?2. Our teachers like we to ask questions like this .3. Your mother and me have decided to go somewhere in Japan .4. He is sure to call you and I .
