1、代词一、说出下列句子中代词的类型。1.They gathered a lot of exotic plants from all over the world.2.Their opportunity to explore new plants came at last.3.Wardians case was better than theirs. 4.Those missionaries were excited with the information。5.Banks recorded the plants he came across himself.6.The collectors he
2、lped each other in exploring plants.7.Many of the plants in Western gardens are from China.8.Which country did the explorers like most?9.Wardian was a collector who made several trips to China.10. Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.总结：代词的分类：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词、和连接代词
3、等九种。二.相关知识点精讲1. 人称代词：是表示“ 我 ”、 “你”、 “他” 、 “她”、 “它”、 “我们”、 “你们”、 “他们” 的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数 单数 复数格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I me we usyou you you you第二人称he him they themshe her they them第三人称it it they them1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：I like table tennis. Do you know him?2)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Who is knock
4、ing at the door? -Its me.3)人称代词之主、宾格的替换 口语中,当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子中作主语时,常用代词的宾格。- I like English. - Me too. - Have more wine? - Not me. 在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 在电话用语中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. - This is she. 4) 代词的指代问题 不定代词 anybo
5、dy，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及 whoever 和 person 在正式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him 代替。Nobody came, did he? 动物名词的指代一般用 it 或 they 代替，有时也用 he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用 she。5.) 并列人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 第三人称 第一人称You, he and I shou
6、ld return on time. 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 第二人称 第三人称we ,you and they take part in the activity every two weeks.注意：在承认错误，承担责任时.顺序应为:I,he and you。 I and she are to blame2、物主代词：表示所属关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。 数 单数 复数人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称形容词性物主代词 my your his/its/her our
7、your their名词性物主代词 mine yours his/its our yours theirs1)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.2)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here, and theirs is there. - Is this English-book yours? - No. Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework.
8、 Have you finished yours? （作宾语）3）双重所有格 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which 等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：a friend of mine. each brother of his.3. 指示代词：表示“ 那个 ”、“这个”、“这些” 、“那些 ”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有 this，that，th
9、ese，those 等。 1) this 和 these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和 those 则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：This is a pen and that is a pencilWe are busy these daysIn those days the workers had a hard time2)有时 that 和 those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和 these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物. I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to say is this ;
10、pronunciation is very important in learning English3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用 that 或 those 代替，例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?说明 1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：This/That is my t
11、eacher. 那是我的老师。 （ that 作主语，指人） He is going to marry this. ()（this 作宾语时不能指人）I bought this. 我买这个。(this 指物，可作宾语)说明 2：that 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词，但 this 和 these 不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有 those 可指人.He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。 （those 指人）He admir
12、ed those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。 （those 指物）4、反身代词：表示“ 我自己 ”、 “你自己”、 “他自己” 、 “我们自己”、 “你们自己” 和“他们自己”等的代词，也叫做自身代词。 反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。He called himself a writer Would you please express yourself in English? 2)作表语。It doesnt matterIll be myself soonThe
13、 girl in the news is myself 3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes （=I washed the clothes myself.）You should ask the teacher himself4)含有反身代词的惯用语与介词连用by oneself=alone ;without help 独自 for oneself 为自己，亲自to oneself =for ones own private use;not to be shared 独自占有或享用of oneself=naturally 自动地，自发地
14、 in oneself 本质上You will have to see if he has gone to the school for youself.The computer can shut off of itself.Jim is not bad in himself,but he is a little shy.One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.One cant play tennis by itself. 与动词连用be oneself 处于正常状态，显得自然 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快seat oneself =sit
15、 dress oneself in =be dressed inhelp oneself to 随便吃；自行取用（to 为介词）come to oneself 苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气devote oneself to 专心于；献身于（to 为介词） adapt oneself to 适应于find oneself at/in 发现自己来到 apply oneself to 专心致志于5.相互代词 相互代词只有 each other 和 one another 两个词组。它们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如： It is ea
16、sy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。 说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用 each other， 存在于两个以上的人和物之间用 one another.现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：He put all the books beside each other. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。 He put all the books beside one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。 Usuall
17、y these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。 注意： 相互代词可加s 构成所有格，例如： The students borrowed each others notes. 6.不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1)some 与 any 的用法一般用法：some、any 可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some 一般用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问、否定或条件句。 特殊用法：any 用于肯定句表示 “任何一”的意思
18、。Any day is okay for me. Here are three novels. You may read any.some 用于单数可数名词前表示“ 某一”。 Smith went to some place in England. 在期待对方回答 yes 时， some 用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas?（邀请） Mum,could you give me some money?(请求) some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I dont know some of the students. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，
19、如：If you need some help，let me know.some 和 any 在句中还可作状语，作副词。some 意为“ 大约”相当于“about”,而 any 则表示程度，意为“ 稍，丝毫 ”。如： There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? 2）every 与 each 的用法each every可单独使用 不可单独使用可做代名词、形容词 仅作形容词着重“个别” 着重“全体”，毫无例外用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物The teacher gave a
20、 toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.当我们说 each child, each student 或 each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说 every child 和 every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与 all 接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All
21、children like playing.注意：each 常与 of 连用，every 则不可以。Each of them has a nice skirt.3）one ，both 与 all 的用法one 指人或物， “一个”，其复数为 ones,指人时，其所有格是 ones，反身代词是oneself. This is not the one I want. both 指人或指物， “两者都” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.注意：both 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用 neither。Both of us
22、 are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。 both 不能放在 the、these、those、my 等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film. all “全部的 ”、 “整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，可数名词连用时，表示“ 所有的”、 “全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money. All the schools are flooded. 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定。如： Not all t
23、he ants go out for food.(or:All the ants dont go out for food.)4）no, no one, nothing 和 none 的用法 no=not any,表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。 none 既可指人又可指物，其后面一般需跟 of 所引导的一个范围；How manymuch 提问时的否定回答用 none； no one 只能指人, 而且只能是泛指概念，常来回答 who 引导的疑问句； nothing 意为“什么也没有，没有东西”，表示泛指概念。侧重于物，常用来回答what 引导的疑问句-How many
24、people are there in the room? - None. -Who is in the room? - No one./nobody.-What are you doing now? - Nothing.none 往往与前面的 some/any/every + 名词连用；nothing 常与前面的 something/anything/everything 连用；no one/nobody 常与前面的 someone/anyone/everyone/somebody/anybody/everybody 连用If I had some money,I would lend hi
25、m some, but unfortunately , I have none.5）either 和 neither 的用法either 是“ 两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词。neither 是“ 两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如： Here are two pens. You may take either of them. Neither boy knows French.6）few, a few, little, a little 的用法用作形容词：含义用法表示肯定 表示否定用于可数名词 a few 虽少，但有几个
26、few 不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词 a little，虽少，但有一点 little 不多，没有什么Im going to buy a few apples .He can speak only a little Chinese.There is only a little milk in the glass.He has few friends.They had little money with them.a little 和 little 也可以用作副词，a little 表示“ 有点，稍微” ，little 表示“很少”。Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词 hungr
27、y)Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词 sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night.注意：quite a little/few 许多；相当多7）many 与 much 的用法Many， much 都意为“许多“， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。How many people are there at the meeting?How much time has we left?Many of the workers were at t
28、he meeting.Much of the time was spent on learning.8）other/others/ the other/ the others/another 的用法比较other 泛指 “另外的”,作定语,常用来修饰可数名词的复数或不可数名词.e.g.other students,other work;但如果前面有 the,some,any,each,every,no 或形容词性物主代词时,则与单数可数名词连用.He is taller than any other girl in your class.He goes swimming every other
29、 day. other 的复数形式为 others,泛指“别的人或物”.Some are reading, others are listening to the radio.the other 指“两者当中另一个”,常与 one 连用.作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方的“全部、其他的 ”.He came back home from the market with a piece of meat in one hand and some fish in the other.the others 是 the other 的复数形式 ,特指“ 全部其余的人或物”.There are 54 stu
30、dents in our class, 26 are boys, the others (all of the rest) are girls.others 不能作定语,表示复数意义 ,相当于“other+名词的复数”,the others 相当于“the other+名词的复数 ”。another“任何一个 ”、 “再一个”、 “另一个”,作代词或形容词.I encouraged him to have another try.The little boy finished his cake and asked for another注意：another 修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。Th
31、e train is late; you have to wait another two hours.9) such 的用法Such is my father.Such is the power of TV that it can make everyone famous.He claimed to be a scholar but was not such.10). 替代词的用法代词 it 与替代词 one，ones，the one，the ones，that，those 的用法区别： it 指代前面提到过的事物。 one 替代单数名词，表示泛指；ones 为其复数形式。 the one
32、替代前面的单数名词，表示特指，其后往往带定语;the ones 为其复数形式。 that 既可以替代单数可数名词，也可以替代不可数名词，表示特指；若替代单数可数名词时，相当于 the one。 those 替代复数名词，表示特指，相当于 the ones。Your story is interesting，but I dont like it.I havent got a computer.I want to buy one next year.The population in China is much larger than that in Japan.The conditions ar
33、e like those in the real spaceship.Mr Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except those /the ones who had already taken them.11).与复合不定代词构成的习惯句型He is nothing but a clerk. 他只是一个职员。He is anything but a clerk. 他绝不是一个职员。He is someone/something/not anybody. 他是个重要的人物/出色的人物/ 普普通通的人She is something of
34、a doctor. She has saved many lives. 她可以说是一位医生。她挽救了很多人的命He is a scientist or something. 他大概是科学家之类的人物。7. 疑问代词的用法疑问代词：what ，which，who，whose，whom1.）what，who一般说来，what 问的是职业或地位； who 问的是姓名或身份。What was her husband？她丈夫是干什么的？Who was her husband？她丈夫是谁？.- Who is that man? 那个人是谁？ - He is her husband. 是她的丈夫。2.）wh
35、at，whichwhich 用于已知情况的选择，其后可跟 of 短语；what 用于未知情况的疑问，其后不能跟 of 短语。What do you like best?What fruit do you like best?Which (of the fruit)do you like better，oranges or apples?3.）what 的习惯用法What is the population / the distance / the price / your address / yourattitude?What is the height/ weight/ depth/ length/ width/ size?8. 关系代词 what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as9. 连接代词 what，who，whom，whose，which
