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1、词根“统治” ;参 democracy,2000 年 Passage 5。Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。bureaucracy a continuing congregation of people who must act more or less as one the only form of human organization that can manage to pass a hot potato through a small crack the art of makin

2、g the possible impossible 官僚主义一群人不断聚集在一起,因为他们多少必须像一个人那样行事 唯一一种能够通过小裂缝传递土豆的人类组织形式 变可能为不可能的艺术。spoil (v.损害;溺爱)看作 sp+oil,sp 即缩写“专家” ,oil 石油, “专家溺爱石油” 。We drink one anothers healthes and spoil our own.我们为彼此的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。When you “spoil“ a child you are practically saying, “I know you arent capable of bei

3、ng civilized and considerate and contributing and I wont expect it of you.“宠 ”孩子的时候,你实际上是在说:“我知道要你有教养、为人着想和奉献都是做不到的,我也不指望你做到。 ”collectivism (集体主义)collect+iv(e)后缀+ism 后缀表“主义” 。municipal (市的;市立的)与 principal(首要的;负责人;本金)一起记;municipality (自治市;市政当局)municipal+ity 名词后缀。taxpayer (纳税人)tax+payer 。taxpayer some

4、one who works for the federal government but doesnt have to take a civil service examination 纳税人为联邦政府工作,却不必参加文职雇员考试的人。detach (v.分开)即 de+tach,de-前缀“离开” ,tach 词根“连接” 。同根词为 attach( v.缚上;使依附)at(=to)+tach。Every scene, even the commonest, is wonderful, if only one can detach oneself, casting off all memor

5、y of use and custom and beholding it as if for the first times.生活中的每个情景,甚至最普通的一幕,都是奇妙的只要一个人能够离开自我,抛弃对习惯的全部记忆,就像第一次一样观察。dividend (股息;红利;被除数)即 divid(e)+end,divide 分开,-end后缀表物, “从整体中分出的一部分”红利。dividends hush money to shareholders 股息给股东的封口钱。patriarchal (家长的)即 patri+arch+al,patri 词根“父” ,arch 词根 “统治 ”,-al

6、形容词后缀。另可记 patriot(爱国者)patri+ot 后缀表人。render(v.使得;提供) 。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。The service we render to others is really the rent we pay for our room on this earth.我们向别人提供的服务实在是为自己在这个世界上的住所付出的租金。discipline (纪律;学科 v.训练)即 dis+cipl+ine,dis-(=apart),cip

7、l(=cip)词根“抓” (前文已多次述及) ,-ine 后缀, “培养抓出东西的能力”纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式,它需要权威、纪律,以及具有自由本身性质的统治。discipline remembering what you want the bridge between goals and accomplishment the refining fire by which talent becomes

8、ability 磨练记住你需要什么 目标与成就之间的桥梁 使天赋变成能力的冶炼炉火。lockout 指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。negotiation (谈判)谐音“你狗献爱心”“谈判”的目的是让你的狗献爱心;动词形式为 negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕,而要永远不惧怕谈判。1996 Passage 4 breakthrough (n.突破) break+through。premium (奖金)看作 pre+mi+um,pre

9、-在前,mi 拼音“米”即money,-um 后缀表物, “在前面放着的钱”奖金。nonverbal (不用语言的)即 non+verb+al,non-否定前缀,verb词根“言语” ,-al 形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。spatial (空间的)即 spacialspac(e)+ial。trigonometry (三角学)即 tri+gon+o+metry,tri-前缀“三” ,-gon 后缀“角形” ,-o-连接字母,-metry 后缀表“测量学” 。stimulus (n.刺激;刺激物

10、)stimul 刺激+us 名词后缀。参stimulant(刺激物;兴奋剂) ,1997 年 Passage 3。incentive (动机;鼓励 a.激励的)in+cent+ive,in- 前缀,cent 单词“分币”引申为“钱” ,-tive 后缀, “用钱去激励” 。incentive the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。beneficence (恩惠)benefic+ence,benefic 看作 benefit,-ence名词后缀。emulation (竞争;仿效)看作 emu

11、l(e)+ation,emule 即 BT 出现前极受欢迎的一种 P2P 下载软件,-ation 名词后缀,各种 P2P 软件为“竞争”而相互“效仿” 。1996 Passage 5 pipeline (管道;流水线)pipe+line。cosmology (宇宙学)即 cosmo+logy,cosmo 即 cosmos“宇宙”,-logy 后缀表学科。non-fundamentalist(非原教旨主义者)non-否定前缀+fundamentalist(原教旨主义者) 。fundamentalist anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously

12、原教旨主义者任何对上帝的话太认真的人。motivation (动机)motiv(e)+ation。motivation the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it 动机使人们因为自己想做而做你想让他们做的事情的能力。dust jacket 精装书的护封。digestvn(v.消化 n.摘要) 。当初指责中国读者文摘 (即现在的读者 )刊名侵权的美国著名杂志叫 Reads Digest。To eat is human, to digest, divine.能吃的是人,能消化

13、的是神。1995 Passage 1 know of 知道。I dont know him, but I know of him.我不认识他,但听说过他。live up to 做到;不辜负。subtly (精细地;微妙地) ,形容词形式为 subtle。Men always want to be a womens first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a mans last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人,女人则具有更微妙的本能,她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。1995 Pa

14、ssage 2 external (外部的) ,反义词为 internal(内部的) 。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处于外部的推动,也同样依据内在的需要。signpost (路标)sign+post。landmark (界标)land+mark。obstacle (障碍)即 ob+st+acle,ob-前缀“阻碍” ,st 词根=stand,-acle后缀表物, “站在那里阻碍的东西”障碍。Victory is not

15、 the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。obstacles things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。curiosity (好奇心;古玩)即 curios+ity,curios(=curious)好奇的,-ity 名词后缀, “引起好奇的东西”古玩。参 curiously,2001 年 Passa

16、ge 5。Curiosity is a scholars virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。 curiosity the key to creativity a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance the first step to betrayal 好奇心打开创造力的钥匙 心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承认自己的无知 背叛的第一步。1995 Passage 3 subconsciously (下意识地)sub 下+conscious 有意识的+ly。stockpile (v.n.积蓄,贮存)stock 存储+pile 堆积。exp

17、ertise (专门知识) expert 专家+ise 后缀, “专家所掌握的东西” 。participant (参与者)即 parti+cip+ant,parti(=part),cip(=cap)抓,-ant 后缀表人, “抓取部分东西的人”参与分享的人参与者。参participation(参加;分享) ,2001 年 Passage 1。facilitate (使便利)即 fac+il(e)+itate,fac=fic 词根“做” (参artificialart+i+fic+ial,2002 年 Text 2) ,-ile 后缀“易于的” ,-itate 动词后缀,“使易于做的”使便利。名

18、词形式为 facility(熟练) ;facilities(设施;便利条件) 。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative. 如果你再合作一点的话,事情就变得更容易了。It is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities, but difficulties, that make men.成就人的不是帮助而是障碍,不是便利而是困难。breakdown (n.崩溃;故障)break+down。a nervous breakdown 神经衰弱。dominant (支配的,占优势的) dom

19、in+ant,domin 词根“支配” ,-ant 后缀。参 predominance(优势) ,2000 年 Passage 1。1995 Passage 4 inherent (固有的;天生的)即 in+her(e)+ent,in-在里面,here 词根“黏着”=stick,-ent 形容词后缀, “黏着在里面的”固有的。同根词:adhere(v.黏附;坚持)ad(=to)+here;coherent(黏着的)co(=together)+her(e)+ent。I am not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intentl

20、y. I know they are doing so in pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.当人们目不转睛地盯着我的双腿时,我丝毫不觉得不安。我明白他们这样做是出于天生的艺术直觉。这是一位舞蹈家 MM 说的。profound (深刻的;渊博的)即 pro+found,pro-向前,found 词根“基底” (如 foundation found+ation基础) , “向前直探到底的”渊博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the oppos

21、ite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一种正确说法的对立物是一种错误的说法。一种深刻的真理的对立物则很可能是另一种深刻的真理。soak up 吸收。marathon (马拉松)用谐音记。这种全长 421954 米的长跑比赛,是对运动员体力与意志力的考验。rejoice (使欣喜)即 re+joice,re-反复,joice=joy, “使反复高兴”使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we ar

22、e not the person concerned?为什么我们在有人出生时高兴,在有人入葬时悲伤?是否由于自己不是当事者?disproportionate (不成比例的)即dis+proportion+ate,dis-否定前缀,proportion 比例,-ate 此处为形容词后缀。Literature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文学碰巧是唯一的这么一种职业,其报酬与所做工作的优异不成比例。preoc

23、cupation (全神贯注)即 pre+occup(y)+ation,pre-在前,occupy 占据,-ation 名词后缀, “在别的事物前占据注意力”全神贯注。consideration (考虑;体谅;需考虑的事) consider 考虑+ation;considerate (考虑周到的;体谅的)consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.劳动高于资本,理应得到多得多的报酬。A child that lives with sharing learns

24、to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道为人着想。1995 Passage 5 subsequent (随后的)sub+sequ+ent,sub-在下,sequ(=follow)词根“跟随” ,-ent 形容词后缀。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you neednt fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千万别说第一个谎话,这样就不用害怕在随后的谎话中被人发现。duration (持久;持续时间)即 dur+ation,dur 词根“持续” ,-ation 名词后缀。同根词:d

25、urable(持久的)dur+able 可的;endurance(持久力;忍耐力)en 使+dur+ance 。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就伟人的不是力量,而是伟大情操的持久。contemporary (当代的;同时代的;同时代的人)con+tempor+ary,con- 一起,tempor 看作 temper(性情) ,-ary 后缀, “性情相同的(人)就是同时代的(人) ”。Most contemporary books give the impress

26、ion of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分当代书籍给人的印象,是花一天工夫用前一天读过的书加工而成的。I dont go along with all this talk of a generation gap. Were all contemporaries. Theres only a difference in memories, thats all.我对代沟这种说法完全不能苟同。我们都是同时代的人,只是记忆有所不同,仅此而已。2002 Text 1 identify (辨别

27、;视为同一)即 ident+ify,ident 词根“同一” ,-ify 动词后缀“使” ;identification(识别;身份证明) identify 去 y 加-ication 名词后缀;identical(同一的)ident+ical 形容词后缀。Any man over thiry identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。relevant (相关的;意义重大的)即 re+lev+ant,re-前缀,lev 词根“升,举”

28、,-ant 形容词后缀,故“从升起的”“源自的”相关的。同根词:elevate(升举,提高) e+lev+ate; elevator(电梯,升降机)e+lev+at(e)+or。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来,知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。sympathy (n.同情;共鸣)即 sym+path+y,sym-(=syn-,在 p 前 n 变形为 m 以方便发音,前缀“同” ) ,path 词根“感情 ”,-y 抽象名词后缀;sympathize/

29、sympathise(v.同情;共鸣) ,-ize/-ise 为动词后缀;sympathetic(同情的;共鸣的) sym+path+etic 形容词后缀。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friends success.人人都能同情朋友

30、的痛苦,然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。alternatively (二者择一地;另外)alter 改变+nat(e)+ive+ly;alternative(二者择一的;供选择的事物) alter+nat(e)+ive;alternate(v.交替;交替的)alter+nate。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多,就越难选择。 Loves alt

31、ernate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。convention (大会;惯例;公约)即 con+ven(t)+tion,con-一起,ven(t)来,-tion 名词后缀,故 “人们来到一起” 开“大会” ,而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约” ,公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例” 。The danger doesnt lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难,而在于阻碍进步的成规。stomp (n.v.重踏)stamp(邮

32、票;标志)也有相同含义,想象“猛盖邮戳”重踏。appropriate (适当的)即 ap+propri+ate,ap-前缀加强语气,propri 看作 proper(适当的) ,-ate 后缀;inappropriate (不适当的)in 否定前缀+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。inedible (不可食的)in 否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible 能的。resent (v.愤怒、怨恨)即 re+sent,re (=

33、against 反对) ,sent(=sense 感觉) ,于是“在感觉上反对”愤恨。People dont resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少,而不是没有。disparaging (轻视的)dis 否定前缀+par 平等+ag(e) 后缀+ing后缀。scapegoat (替罪羊)可这样记: escape(n.v.逃跑)e+scape,把e 看作 ex-,则 scape 就是没有 “离开”的“逃不掉的 ”“留下来替罪的” ,于是 scape+goat替罪羊。与 “羊”有关的另一习语:black shee

34、p(害群之马;败家子) ,源自谚语 There is a black sheep in every flock.casual (偶然的;漫不经心的)即 cas 降落+ual 后缀;casualty(严重意外事故;伤亡者)cas+ual+ty 名词后缀。As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物,我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。off-the-cuff 即席的。deliver (

35、v.传递;释放;发表;分娩)即 de+liver,de-前缀“使” ,liver(=liber)词根 “自由” ,于是从 “使自由”推出 deliver 的各项含义;delivery (传递)deliver+y 名词后缀。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊,解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is televisions eyewitness picture, the ta

36、sk of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。尽管广播新闻传递迅速,电视现场画面生动,补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。light-hearted 轻松愉快的。familiar / (熟悉的;亲近的)即 famil(y)+iar 形容词后缀, “感觉像家一样的” ;familiarity (熟悉) familiar+ity 名词后缀。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar th

37、ings new.作家最吸引人的两种力量,是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉,和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。familiarity the opiate of the imagination 熟悉 想象力的麻醉剂。exaggeration/ (夸张)ex 加强语气+agger 堆积+ation 名词后缀;exaggerate(夸张)ex+agger+ate 动词后缀。We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。我们从

38、不像我们所说的那么痛苦,也从不那么快乐。exaggeration a truth that has lost its temper 夸张 发脾气的真理。understatement / (掩饰;轻描淡写的陈述)under+statement;反义词:overstatement (夸大的陈述) over+statement 。privilege / (n.优惠;特权 v.给予优惠或特权)即privi+leg+e, privi(=private)词根“私人的” ,leg 词根“法律” (如 legal“法律的;合法的”leg+al) ,e 为小词,于是“私人的法律”特权。To have becom

39、e a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。effectively / (有效地)即 ef+fect+ive+ly,ef-前缀表“加强” ,fect 词根“做” ,-ive 形容词后缀,-ly 副词后缀;去 ly 即为形容词 effective。The most effective water power in the world womens tears.世界上最有效的水力女人的眼泪。effective communication 20 per cent what you know

40、 and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际20%你所了解的东西加 80%你对所了解的东西的感受。2002text2ingenuity / (独创性;灵活性)ingenu+ity,ingenu (=ingenious 独创的;灵活的) ,-ity 名词后缀。burdensome / (繁重的;难以负担的) burden 负担+some 形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。nasty / (讨厌的;肮脏的;下流的)D

41、iplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.外交就是以最优雅的方式办最 nasty 的事,说最nasty 的话。nasty 在此句实在不好翻译。compulsion / (强制)即 com 一起+puls(=drive)+ion 名词后缀,“不由分说全拖到一起”强制;compulsory(强制的;必修的)com+puls+ory 形容词后缀。compulsion a highbrow term for a temptation were not trying too hard to resist 强制对人们并不想

42、坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。Bodily exercise, when compulsory, does no harm to the body; but knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.强制的身体锻炼不会损害身体,但被迫学习的知识占据不了头脑。柏拉图老师说的。robotics / (机器人学)即 robot+ics,robot 机器人,-ics 后缀表“学科” ,如 physics、aesthetics(美学) 。robo-driver 即 robot driver。assem

43、bly / (集会;装配)是 assemble 的名词形式,-y 为名词后缀;assemble 谐音“啊,三步” ,曹植七步成诗,而“装配”只需三步(三个步骤)!In most communities it is illegal to cry “fire“ in a crowded assembly.在大多数社会中,在拥挤的集会上喊“着火啦”是违法的。terminal / (终端的;期末的;终端;终点站)termin 期限+al 后缀;terminate(中止)termin+ate 动词后缀,施瓦辛格演的电影终结者就叫Terminator( -or 后缀表“人” ) 。Its all righ

44、t to have a train of thoughts, if you have a terminal.想法成串并没关系,只要有个止点。miniaturization / (小型化)即 mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation;mini 词根“小” (比如有个好东西叫 mini skirt) ,-ature 名词后缀,-ize动词后缀,-ation 名词后缀; miniature(小型的;缩影)mini+ature。A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。laborsaving / (节省劳力的)labor 劳动+saving 节省的。s

45、upervision / (监督)即 super+vis+ion,super-前缀“在上面” ,vis 词根“看” (如 visualvis+ual 形容词后缀视觉的) ,-ion 名词后缀。specific / (具体的;特定的;特效药)即 speci+fic,speci 词根=species(种类) ,-fic 形容词后缀 “使成为的 ”,故“使成为某个具体种类的”特定的。Time and again I have emerged from a course of reading in philosophy with the conviction that the authors were really avoiding specific problems by converting them into tenuous sophistries that have very little real meaning.我一再退出对哲学的钻研,深信作者们确实是在以将具体问题换成几乎没有实际意义的贫乏诡辩来躲避它们。reliable / (可靠的)reli+able,reli 即 rely(v.依

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