1、2009-2,_理工学院博士工程辅导项目英语阅读,以中国科学院博士研究生英语入学考试辅导（北京理工大学出版社 2014年10月第6版为蓝本）,注意事项1. 不迷信猜词能力与解题技巧2. 注重背景知识积累、拓宽阅读广度3. 以阅读材料为唯一解题标准，切忌被自己的学识蒙蔽4. 充分利用标点符号的引导作用（可以跳读）5. 阅读中密切关注首尾段、首尾句6. 出题人最钟情于长难句（语法知识、句型积累）7. 着重注意表逻辑关系、起衔接照应作用的连接性词语、替代词等8. 厘清“事实”与“观点”的界限（细节题还是观点题？）9. 备考与考试时务必全神贯注，边读边做记号，避免读了后面忘了前面10.带着问题读材料、
2、找准“定位”线索,主要考点1. 信息再现（细节题）2. 词义辨析（把握上下文猜测词义）3. 判断推理（作者观点、意图、态度等）4. 主旨大意、中心思想5. 布局谋篇（文章什么体裁、引自哪里、接下来谈论什么等）,2009-2,1句子中的标点符号的作用,逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后，是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。 Extremely refined behavior, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure.,句子中的标
3、点符号的作用,冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。 Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink.冒号可以表示各种逻辑上的关系，如：I went to bed early: the long journey had tired me. (表示因果)Columbus discovered a string of islands: he did
4、 not discover the American Continent.(表示反意),句子中的标点符号的作用,分号：分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。 Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten; today he is regarded as one of Americans great authors. Professor Ye will have to cope with a very heavy workload; she has been invited to lecture at quite a number of
5、 universities in the U.S. One moment he was friendly, even warm; the next he was coldly indifferent.,破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，是补充说明成分，可以先不看。 Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited only five pence the wild man from Africa he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and su
6、rprising performances.(作用与括号相似)They gave him a new camera for Christmasand a film to go with it. (表示附加补充)He bought a house just outside the towna magnificent building. (解释前文)In future prose, two fields are certainly sure to find cultivationthe field of the essay and the field of the sketch. (相当于冒号的作
7、用),引号：一种是引用别人观点，其作用要么是作为支持的观点，要么作为批判的对象；另一种是说反话，表示反语。One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has tic
8、keted only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isnt really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the universitys campus wellness program(平安计划).,句子中的标点符号的作用,括号：括号内的内容起补充说明或解释词义的作用。 The day befor
9、e one of my midterm history exams I still hadnt found time to read the first book on the reading list. (That, of course, is a very common disease at Harvard.)（附加，补充）,2长难句解析方法,1). 长难句包括简单句和复合句，复合句的每一个句子的核心部分是主语和谓语，而每一个复合句的核心是主句。认识复合句首先要把握好从句间的关系，而表现这些关系要依靠连接词that, although, so that, before等具有语法功能的词。常
10、见的长难句种的基本语法结构： 形式主语或宾语 强调结构 （非）限定性定语从句 同位语从句 倒装结构 虚拟语气 省略 （8） 非谓语动词,The importance given to the appraisal stems from the fact that, despite all the talk of the interview being a chance for management and employees to come together and exchange ideas, set joint targets and improve the way decisions a
11、re reached, the reality is that they are often nothing more than the pretext on which pay rises are given, or not given.,2009-2,The Buyer shall establish a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the arrival of t
12、he notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non-fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.,4. 七大题型解题思路详解,1细节事实题： 标志： 题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息 针对文章中的一句或几句设问 题干和选项之间存在因果关系 做题的关键在于：返回原文 根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文 根据出题顺序返回原文 根据题干中的关键词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词
13、） 找原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。, 干扰手段： 单词替换 颠倒因果 扩大范围 常识判断(4)常见试题：Which of the following is true about? What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage? What can we learn about? According to the passage,实例1. Suzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bushs redo of the famed guest quarters named for Pr
14、esident Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residences least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curat
15、or of the White House for nearly 40 years. ” (2011.3) 49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for _ . A. the president to have a rest B. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishings D. exhibiting classic objects 答案 B： 本题是细节题，考点是本段第一句话中的“guest quarters named for President Linc
16、oln”。,实例2. Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending
17、 a fortune. (2011.3) 50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _ . A. decorating houses B. respecting the past C. protecting the classic D. encouraging thrift 答案D：本题是细节题，考查对本段第一句话的理解。,实例3. In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary
18、bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said tradition
19、al styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale. (2011.3),51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _. A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal styles D. giving it
20、the look of a strong America答案：C 本题是细节题，考查对第六段最后一句的理解。,实例4. Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the
21、 difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the pennys image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.,52.
22、 In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _ . A. its durability B. its simplicity C. its price D. its color答案：A本题是细节题，考点是第七段第一句中的“longevity”.,2例证题, 标志：caseexampleillustrationdemonstrationexemplifydemonstrateillustrate 做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于能否看懂例子 做题的步骤：首先返回原文
23、定位该例子然后向上、向下搜索该例子支持的论点（不能贸然直接去分析例子然后自己主观推测结论）注意举例的目的是为了支持论点或观点，从例证周围找出最有可能的论点，在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个才是正确答案例证题错误选项的特征是：就事论事。（即把例证中的具体内容调出来供选）,(4) 划清“事实”与“观点”之间的界限（page 86）事实：指的是对具体事例的陈述，即“发生过什么”。如：Lovecraft has often been compared to Edgar Allan Poe.Poe had to leave the University of Virginia b
24、ecause he couldnt pay his debts.观点：指的是作者的主观的想法，带有评判和议论的性质，一般透露出“赞同”或“不赞同”的口吻。“观点”常常以某些情态动词为标志，或者以带有感情色彩的形容词或副词为标志。如：Edgar Allan Poe is the greatest writer of horror stories in the world.Edgar Allan Poe should not have drunk so much.Lovecrafts stories are far more horrible than those of Edgar Allan P
25、oe.,实例1. This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar (铝硅系合金)apple scare, in which many American consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers.
26、The report was disseminated through a PR (problem report) campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introduced to the American public by CBS “60 Minutes,” the unsubstantiated (未经证实的)claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from their school lunch pro
27、grams and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children.,例证题,Question: In the Alar apple scare, many Americans were frightened because_A. scientists warned that apples were dangerous.B. many school children became ill after eating apples.C. it was re
28、ported that apples were harmful to health.D. apples were discovered to have too much pesticide. C,实例2. The very fact that 60 percent of counties were given an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the
29、Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA（ the American Lung Association） is now de
30、manding.(2004.3),63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seems to contend that _.A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low答案： C这段告诉我们：烟
31、雾的主要成分臭氧自从20世纪70年代以来已经下降了近30%。最近的情况表明，即使没有环境保护署所要求的新规定，这种下降的趋势也会继续。所以正确答案是C（烟雾问题实际上已经不那么严重了）。,3词汇题,常见试题（The phrase “”in the context means. The word “” is closest in meaning to_. As the context shows, a placebo is _.） 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思 做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文 如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思很
32、可能不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义 做题的方法：可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理：,熟悉词汇的陌生意义What doyoumakeofAsa? I think she is a good colleague to work with.SomeMuslimsarelikelytoseetheburial at seaasdisrespectfulorcallous,andMuslimreligious expertsseem to bedividedonthisissue.The global population is expected to jump by 3
33、billion in the next 40 yearsmore than the entire population in 1950. Most of that increase will be in the South, where poverty is rooted and living standards desperate. How will those next three billion live? Justice demands that we in the rich countries spare some space for those who need it.,2009-
34、2,针对性解释,一、 针对性解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,1 根据定义猜测词义如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：anthropology is the scientific study of man. In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situati
35、on. 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。,针对性解释,2.根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是单词、短语或是从句（同位语、同位语从句、定语从句）。,同位语Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak
36、 and read intelligently. 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。,定语从句Krabac
37、ber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。,根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，
38、例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。,二、内在逻辑关系,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。,1 根据对比
39、关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious
40、意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。,内在逻辑关系,A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义，“熟练的”。,2 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相
41、反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,3 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tom is considered an autocratic admin
42、istrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to shove his way through the crowd. 此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书“许多示威者”，我们便可推知shove的词意“挤，挤过”。,4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据
43、语言环境推断生词词义。例如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使. . . 陷入危险，危及、危害”。,Doctors believe that s
44、moking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。,三、外部相关因素,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：,外部相关因素,It is so tranquil that you can hear your own breath.根据生活经验，能够
45、听到自己的呼吸，tranquil可以猜测为“安静”之意The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。,四、构词法（略）,在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。,真题再现The “humane” alternative to spanking, the timeout, has gained popularity over the last decade as a quick method to cool off a wayward ch
46、ild. (09. 3)A “wayward” child is a child who_A. is well-disciplined B. tends to disobeyC. behaves quietly D. is often in poor health,ALA （ the American Lung Association） is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in
47、 the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75 percent fewer such spikes in recent years. (04.3),64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes” (in bold face) probabl
48、y refers to _.A. the increases above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA 第三段一开始说some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone ，接着就说such spikes可知spikes指具体超过烟雾标准的情况。所以A是正确答案。,
