1、Summary特刊语言学第二章总结编辑：孙波 任冲 校对：汪燕华老师 康亮亮一、Phonetics 语音学1、definition：Studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. 研究语音是如何产生，传递和感知。2、Articulatory Phonetics、Acoustic Phonetics、Perceptual Phonetics 发音语言学、声学语言学、感知语言学3、二、Phonology 音系学the study of the sound patterns and sound systems l
2、anguages研究语音模式和语音系统三、Voiceless & Voiced Sounds 清音和浊音1、Voiceless sounds：The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动。2、Voiced sounds：The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带振动。四、Consonants & vowels 辅音和元音1、Consonants：sounds produc
3、ed by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞所发出的音。2、Vowels： sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
4、发音时，声道不受到任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞所发出的音。五、Coarticulation & Phonetic Transcriptions 协同发音与语音转写1、Coarticulation: the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors, including anticipatory coarticulation and preservative coarticulation.协同发音指在实际话语过程中话语持
5、续受邻近音影响，发生同时或重合发音的过程，分前期协同发音和后滞协同发音。2、Phonetic Transcriptions 语音转写(1)、Narrow transcription: we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation.当我们用复杂的符号精确地标记语音所有可能的细小变化时，称之为严式转写。(2)、Broad transcription: we use a set of simple symbols in our transc
6、ription, trying to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.当我们用一套简单的符号记音，试图把一个词与其他的词区别开来时，称之为宽式转写。六、Phonemes & Allophones 音位与音位变体1、Phoneme : a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can dist
7、inguish meaning.音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义的作用。2、Allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments. 同一个音位在不同语言环境中的实现方式称为该音位的音位变体。七、Assimilation 同化The process one sound to another by coping a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two pho
8、ne similar, which including progressive assimilation and regressive assimilation. 一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括顺同化和逆同化。八、Suprasegmentals 超音段特征1、Suprasegmental features 超音段特征The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meanings are calling suprasegmental features, which i
9、nclude syllable, stress, intonation and tone. 指的是大于切分层面上的，能够区别意义的特征，主要包括音阶、重音、声调和语调。2、The Syllable Structure 音节结构Syllable: A unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word. 音节语音往往超过一个声音和更小的单位。3、Stress 重音refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.重音是
10、指在音节发音时所用的力度。4、Intonation 语调Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. 语调涉及重复出现的升降模式，每个模式都应用于一套相对一致的意义，要么以词为单位，要么以各种长度的词群为单位。5、Tone 语调Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords.声调是指声带振动的频率不同引起的音高变化。不足之处，敬请指瑕。参考书目：胡壮麟语言学教程笔记与考研真题详解中国石化出版社（大家有需要可买此书参考）
