1、大学英语四级翻译语法一、形容词与副词的比较级as + 形容词或副词原级 + as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用 so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当 as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as +形容词+ a +单数名词as + many/much +名词This is as good an example as the other is.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as 的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine. 4)
2、 倍数 + as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.比较级形容词或副词 + thanThe lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。比较 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.(对) He is more clever than his brothe
3、r.(对) He is cleverer than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。比较 (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候
4、，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.可修饰比较级的词1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）
5、以上词(除 by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题: 1） - Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰原级，well 的比较级为better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此 B，C 都
6、说得通，但 easier 本身已是比较级，不需 more，因此 C 为正确答案。3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案：D。和 more 有关的词组1) the more the more 越就越The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A 与
7、其说 A 不如说 Bless A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样，不比 多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than 与一样He is no less diligent than you.4) more than 不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.二、 虚拟语气非真实条件句1）时态：可以表示过去，现
8、在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 。句型 ： 与现在事实相反 条件从句 主句 did/|were should( would) do与过去事实相反 had done should/would have done与将来时态相反 were to do Should do would/shoulddo混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。 ）虚拟条件句的
9、倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可将 if 省略，再把 were, should 或 had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.特殊的虚拟语气词：(should)+doIt is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形， should 可省略 important 重要的 advisable 合理的 decide
10、d 决定的 crucial 关键的 appropriate 恰当的 determined 决定的 commanded 命令的 arranged 安排的 essential 紧要的，基本的 complied 遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative 迫切的 important 重要的 desirable 合意的 better 较好的，更好 insistent 坚持的 desired 想要 asked 请求 keen渴望的 incredible 难以置信的 adamant 坚定不移的 natural 自然的 insisted 坚持 necessary 必要的 suggested 建议 ur
11、gent 紧迫的 ordered 命令 shocked 震惊的 vital 极其重要的 possible 可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed 提议 requested 要求的 required 要求的 recommended 推荐 resolved 决定的probable（可能的） pity 可惜，憾事 shame 遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以 forto do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 在宾语从句中的应用句型：主语+谓语+that + 从句主语+(should)+do 从句的在表示意愿、建议、命
12、令、提议、请求等动词后的 that 宾语从句中，谓语用 should +动词原形的结构，should 可以省略。这类动词有：ask 要求 advise 建议 arrange 安排 beg 请求 command 命令 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望 determine 决定 insist 坚持 intend 打算 maintain 坚持主张 move 建议，动员 propose 提议 object 反对 order 命令 prefer 建议 require 需要 request 要求 resolve 下决心 recommend 推荐 suggest 建议 stipul
13、ate 约定，规定 urge 强调，促进 vote 公认，提议 decree 颁布（法令） pray 请求 注意：这类动词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以接 doing 或者 to do来达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） 在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，从句用 should + do 的结构，should 可以省略。这类名词常见的有： advice 忠告 decision 决定 demand 要求 desir
14、e 要求、愿望 insistence 坚持 motion 提议 necessity 必要性 order 命令 idea 观点，意见preference 偏爱 proposal 提议 pray 恳求 recommendation 推荐plan 建议，计划request 要求 requirement 要求 resolution 决心 suggestion 劝告、忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校
15、生活的一部分。 wish 的用真实状况 wish 后从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时（be 的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时（had + 过去分词） 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形 I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wi
16、sh I had not gone to it. -“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy. Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.比较 if only 与 only ifonly if 表示“ 只有“；if only 则表示“ 如果就好了“。If on
17、ly 也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。It is (high) time( that) sb did It is (high) time (that) sb should do sth 和 Its time (for sb) to do It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略,表示遭到了某人做某师的时间了。It is ti
18、me （for sb） to do sth 表示到了做某事的时间了。It is high time that the children should go to bed.It is time (for us) to finish this class.would （had ）rather as soon soonerprefer sb did sth 宁可某人做某 要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would pr
19、efer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 I would rather you came tomorrow.I would sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if 引导的条件句。常来表
20、示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： 介词或介词短语，如 but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition 等。 _ the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As f
21、or 答案选 B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)连词 ，如： so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐) ，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。 She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully
22、 ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest
23、 overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 （3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有 but, otherwise, unfortunately 等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep 选择 B。 其它句型由连接词 in case, so that ,unless, lest ,fo
24、r fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for 与过去事实相反，两个都相当于 but for： If it h
25、ad not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. 虚拟语气用于 as if（ though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与 wish 宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They
26、talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 (9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only 等等 If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + doing sth
27、admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象，设想 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续，重新开始 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understan
28、d 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. 词组后接 doing admit to(允许，承认) preferto be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to ， be busy(in) ， look forward to(to 为介词 ) Its no goodno us
29、e, Its worth, as well as, cant help, be tired of （厌倦） ， be fond of ， be capable of ， be afraid of ， be proud of ， think of about , hold off（推迟）, put off（推迟）, keep on ， insist on, count on / upon （依靠，指望） ,set about , be successful in , good at , take up（开始从事，占据） ,give up, burst out , prevent (stopkee
30、p) from 作表语Her job is washing ，cleaning and taking care of the children.worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while 都为 adj. 意为 “值得“ 。1. worth： be worth + n 当名词为金钱时，表示 “ 值得“be worth doing sth. “ 某事值得被做 “The question is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy： be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“值得“be worthy to
31、 be done “某事值得被做“The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事“worth while： It is worth while doing sthIt is worth- while to do sth.典型例题1.This book is worth _. A)buying B) to buy C) of buying D) to be bought2.It is not _ to discuss the ques
32、tion again and again.A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while 动词不定式不定式作宾语1) 动词 + 不定式 afford（买的起，负担的起） aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother（烦恼，麻烦） care（关心，介意） choose come dare demand desire determine expect endeavor(企图，谋求) hope fail happen to （碰巧） help hesitate learn long mean manage off
33、er ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake(担保，负责)举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， like， love, need， prefer, pre
34、pare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ to (不定式作宾语，在不定式之前加特殊疑问词whenwhwerewhathowwhowhom 等。)decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember
35、, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。不定
36、式作补语1) 动词 +宾语+ 不定式 (to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell th
37、ink train trust understand urge warn 例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have 。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found
38、that to learn English is important.典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, j
39、udge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为 ), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由 consider t
40、o do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。3) to be +形容词Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4) there be+不定式be
41、lieve, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。不定式作状语1）目的状语
42、To only to (仅仅为了 ), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因Im glad to see you.典
43、型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式“结构的末尾。用作介词的 toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式 +动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即 to+ 名词/动名词：admit to 承认， confess to 承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used
44、to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to 开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to注意不定式的特殊句型 tooto1）tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。
45、这箱子 太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2) 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太“。Its never too late to mend. (谚语)改过不嫌晚。3) 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时，意思是：非常 等于 very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型 so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。
46、Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2) so kind as to -劳驾Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。不定式的特殊句型 Why not“Why not +动词原形“表达向某人提出建议，翻译为： “为什么不?“ “干吗不?“例如：Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度
47、假?不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动 被动一般式 to do to be done进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing 动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组：1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing3 remember to do
48、remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 独立主格10.1 独立主格（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bo
