1、多样性 相同意思的多种表达多样性(variety)究竟选用哪种表达方法要以文章的连贯性为前提。英语词汇讲究生动，富于变化。如果在文中需要不止一次表达同一概念，应使用各种同义词以达到殊途同归的目的。 （这同时也是保证语篇连贯的一个手段。 ）词汇的多样性短语搭配的多样性句型的多样性可以从词汇的变化、短语的变化、和句法的变化这三方面阐述。Variety is the spice of writing. (写作富于变化才会妙笔生花。)所谓变化，一是避免相同的文字在文章中的反复使用（可用同义词代替） ，二是避开庸俗老套的语言，追求富有新意、充满活力的表达。俗话说， “言之无文，行之不远。 ”语言干瘪平淡
2、，让人看了面目可憎。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响着作文水平的高低。在写作当中，我们要多多制造语言的闪光点，这体现在小到一个词，大到一个短语甚至句子，优秀的作文往往是“锱铢必较” ，几乎字字计较。很多学生用词面太狭窄，一提到“我认为”就用 I think，此外别无其他表达。其实，英语中这类表达俯拾皆是：I believe/maintain/agree/assert/insist/claim/emphasize/point out/reckon/assume/cling to the idea that 等等。越来越多的人： more and more people，尽管这种表达没有错误，
3、但往往不能形成表达中的“闪光点” 。People in growing/mounting/increasing/expanding numbers要表达目的是：in order to, so as to 太口语化了不妨试试更好的表达：in a bid to, in an attempt to, with a view to, aim to, aim at, for the purpose of 等等。“说”法种种：Admit, acknowledge, add, affirm, allege, analyze, argue, assert, boast, caution, challenge,
4、 claim, complain, concede, conclude, confess, contend, continue, contradict, declare, deny, disclose, dwell on, elaborate, exclaim, explain, go on, imply, insist, maintain, note, object, observe, pledge, proclaim, propound, protest, reaffirm, reiterate, recount, remark, reply, refute, retort, reveal
5、, state, suggest, tell, urgethink claim / suggest / believe / advocate / maintain / supposegood beneficial / profitable / helpful / sound / decent / positivebad harmful / detrimental / hazardous / negativeadvantage merit / virtue / benefit / profit / prodisadvantage demerit / drawback / flaw / short
6、coming / cons比如说表示因果关系的词语和词组就有十几种现分为两类说明：表示因果关系的英语主动词英语中，用于表示因果关系的方式很多。比如：介词 from, at, through, due to, because of, owing to; 连接副词 hence, therefore, thus; 从属连词： because, as, now that, in that, seeing thattherefore, sincethen/in that case, on the ground(s) that, by reason that.另外，主动词（分为单词动词和词组动词两类）也可
7、以表示逻辑上的因果关系。现分述如下1）单词动词：arose, cause, elicit, engender, evoke, ignite, impel, induce1. Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.2. The cold weather caused many animals to die.3. Lung cancer elicited the death of those two people.4. His stirring performance engendered our tension.5. His failure ev
8、oked my sympathy.6. His provocative remarks ignited their anger.7. My brothers success impelled me to greater efforts. 8. His illness was induced by overwork.2）词组动词：arise out of/from, bring about, bring forth, bring on, contribute to, give birth to, give occasion to, give rise to, lead to, result fr
9、om, result in, set off, stem from 1. Her mental problems arose out of/from her husbands death.2. The fall in oil prices brought about the increase in business activity.3. Eating too much brought forth her sickness.4. The fact that he had died from AIDS brought on a panic among the patients in his fo
10、rmer patients.5. Eating contaminated food contributed to his illness.6. The flood gave birth to the collapse of that dam.7. His negligence gave occasion to the accident.8. Her disappearance gave rise to their anxiety.9. Do you know what led to her failure?10. His mothers death resulted from a cancer
11、 on her breast.11. The heavy rain resulted in the cancellation of that football match.12. The inclement weather set off the spread of that disease.13. Their discontent stemmed from low pay and poor working conditions.“根据”说法种种常见表达:according to according as in accordance with惯用短语：in line with in keepi
12、ng with in agreement with in conformity with in unison with in the spirit of in view of in the light of in consideration of with reference to on the ground of1. In view of the above-mentioned facts, we wish to make the following proposals. 2. 量词的搭配量词“口”译为下列单词之一Drink, breath, morsel, mouthful词语搭配上的多样
13、化表现Enjoy/win a reputation asMake a reputation as a classical scholarHave/possess a good reputationLose ones reputationBlacken/damage/destroy/hurt/injure/wound/impair/ruin/smear/sully/soil/tarnish sbs reputationAcquire/gain/get/obtain/secure/receive informationCollect/gather/accumulate/assemble infor
14、mationShare/exchange informationLeak/spill informationUpdate informationBreak (off)/sever/ terminate relation withDamage/impair/endanger/affect bilateral relationsMend/repair relations withOpen/create/build up/form relation withRe-establish/re-open/renew relations withEnjoy friendly relations withAd
15、here to a principleObserve a principleAccept/hole/maintain a principleEstablish/formulate/lay down a principleApply a principle to Violate the principle of Abandon/desert/forsake the principle ofPut into practice a principle1.至于，关于With respect to/as regards/regarding/concerning/in point of/in relati
16、on toWith respect to the question whether small children should stay with their grandparents, many people hold onto the view that the young should live apart with the old as they are more often than spoiled with over-protection.关于小孩子是否应该与祖父母一起生活的问题，很多人都认为老人往往娇惯孙辈，所以他们不要住在一起。The police asked us many
17、questions concerning/regarding the traffic accident but we failed to notice clearly what had happened because we were standing rather far away from the spot.In point of her ability, knowledge and behavior, she is superior but what she is short of is a sense of responsibility which is of great import
18、ance for any admirable persons.说到她的能力、学识和行为方式，她很出众，但是她缺乏责任感。而这一点对于任何值得尊敬的人都很重要。2.同意，赞赏Agree with/appreciate/be all for/express agreement with/in favor of/support/have every reason to believe/speak highly of/admit thatI speak highly of the selflessness I find in the heroes, but as to film stars I usu
19、ally give some comments on their performance which is only their career. I do this just as I comment on a teachers activity.我高度赞赏英雄身上的无私精神。至于对电影明星我总是评价他们的表演而已，那是他们的职业。我评价他们的表演就像我评价老师的教学一样。3.值得称赞Win the approval of/be worthy of praise/deserve commendationOffering help to those who are in dire need of
20、 aid is worthy of praise, which is a good example of what true live means.主动帮助急需帮助者的做法值得称赞。这样做才体现出什么是真正的爱。4.有道理It stands to reason that/there is no denying that/it is wise to do/it is an effective way to doActually, it stands to reason that when one will think and behave in different ways if one is
21、given some responsibility.实际上，如果一个人被赋予责任，他考虑问题和做事就会不一样。这种说法有道理。5.无道理It is doubtful that/it is not practical to do/it seems far-fetched(牵强)/be offensive to(有悖于)/there is no denying thatThe hens promise seemed far-fetched. Therefore, we are not sure whether she really means what she pledged.母鸡的承诺显得勉强。
22、因此，我们不能肯定她是否会言不由衷。11-11-16 句法方面的多样化中国的英语学习者写英文句子时习惯用指人的名词开头，导致句子在形式上千人一面，缺少变化，这也是汉语思维习惯产生的结果，汉语多用人称开头。而英语的开头方式多种多样，不拘一格。追求句法方面的多样化，关键在于学会用灵活的方式开头。下面的例子当中，明显地第一句的表达都没有第二句表达地道。a.He says one thing but does another.b.What he does is not consistent with what he says. 他言行不一。a.He still keeps thinking of th
23、e hunger he suffered in his childhood.b.The memory of hunger in his childhood still haunts him.儿时忍饥挨饿的回忆仍萦绕在他心头。a.We know very little about the nature of human beings.b.Little is known about the nature of human beings.我们对人性知之甚少。a.Many people think birth control is essential in China.b.It is wildly h
24、eld that birth control is essential in China.人们普遍认为，在中国实行计划生育非常必要。a.More and more people are aware that women should enjoy full equality with men.b.There is a growing awareness that women should enjoy full equality with men.越来越多的人认识到，妇女应该和男人完全平等。a.He failed in doing things, which often made him depr
25、essed. b.His failures often left him depressed.他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。a.I suddenly have a splendid idea.b.A splendid idea suddenly occurs to me.我突然有了一个好主意。a.He is always quick-witted.b.Quick-wittedness never deserts him.他总是很机智。a.He began to look very alarmed.b.Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开
26、始变得惊恐万状。The world history has seen more tears than laughter.在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多。The new century will see a significant and far-reaching change in China.中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化。The year 2003 witnessed an unprecedented disastrous flood in Huai river basin.2003 年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾。September finds agreeable weather in S
27、hanghai. 九月的上海天气宜人。June 19, 1999 began as a usual Saturday morning with us on the road, me looking for the signs and Fred trying to find addresses.1999 年 6 月 19 日，像以往的每个周六一样，我们又上路了。我寻找各种招牌，男友弗莱德则努力寻找它们的位置。Saturday mornings would find me in my car, newspaper in hand, hunting down sites.每逢星期六早晨，我都会坐在车
28、里，手里拿着报纸，到处寻找出售廉价货品的庭院。From the moment we stepped into the Peoples Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. (Hewlett and Nowell Johnson, To China at Ninety)一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at
29、her friends callous behavior.句型的多样性和复杂性(varieties and complexities of sentence structures):要学会使用不同的句型，平时要注意多收集。写作中应使用简单句、并列句、复杂句及综合句。以下例句比较生动，要多模仿练习：1)强调句F.D.Roosevelt was a man confined to the wheelchair, but it was he who put America again on its feet.2)介词短语Only 2.2 kg of protein can be lost witho
30、ut death occurring.He sat in an armchair nodding with a newspaper in the hand.With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.3)分词They have conducted investigation after investigation, thereby obtaining an enormous amount of data.4)
31、倒装句Not only did they lose all their money but also came close to losing their lives.5)比较Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable.6) 关键词重复Earth provides enough for every mans need, but not for every mans greed.There is no objective reality which can be looked at objec
32、tively.7)习惯表达We are living in a highly challenging world, and we are always ready to challenge challenges.According to the information available to us, the success of our task depends on the availability of money.8)平常学习的时候可以积累的好句型。例如：It goes without saying that the state-run enterprises should try e
33、very means to improve their quality and services in order to survive in the economic globalization.Supposed you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely that you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.It does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.An ancient Chinese saying that “Those who constantly feel satisfied tend to be happy” is illustrative in this respect.
