1、山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 1 -外文文献：GRAPHICAL-BASED MULTISTAGE SCHEDULING METHOD FOR RC BUILDINGSY. C. HUANGDepartment of Construction Management, Hwa Hsia Institute of Technology and Commerce, 111 Hwa Hsin Street,Chung Ho City, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaReceived 13 February 2004; accepted 4 Mar
2、ch 2005In Taiwan, contractors are becoming specialized in certain types of construction in an increasingly competitive environment and this specialization requires some scheduling models to provide better scheduling results for each type of construction. A new practical method, Graphical-Based Multi
3、stage Scheduling Method (GMSM),for scheduling RC building superstructures is presented herein. From the analysis of characteristics and construction custom of RC buildings, four constraints, (a) downup construction, (b) building inspection, (c) reuse of beam forms, and (d) reuse of slab forms, can b
4、e established. The GMSM is developed utilizing a graphical-based method and the concept of resource reuse, and the general form of the GMSM to be facilely implemented in any worksheet software is derived as well. The results of this study provide some quantitative information as a useful guide for s
5、cheduling RC building superstructures.Keywords: Multistage scheduling, repetitive project, RC building, GMSMIntroductionIn Taiwan, contractors are becoming specialized in certain types of construction in an increasingly competitive environment and this specialization requires some scheduling models
6、to provide a better scheduling for each type of construction. The majority of high-rise buildings located in urban areas in Taiwan are RC structures. It is deemed crucial for high-rise buildings that a scheduling model for this type of construction can not only increase profits but also reduce the i
7、mpact on urban traffic.Of the high-rise buildings constructed to date, the network planning technique has been 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 2 -commonly adopted in scheduling. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most popular one; for instance, prevalent scheduling software such as MS Project, Primavera Proje
8、ct Planner, etc., were developed based on CPM. However, assuming that all activities are independent, the CPM does not take into consideration the resource reuse where there is repetition of identical activities on every floor.OBrien (1975) proposed that high-rise building be divided into two catego
9、ries: (1) non-repetitive works, such as earthworks, foundations, and non-typical floor plans; and (2) repetitive works, such as superstructures with standard floor designs. In the former category, CPM is utilized to execute scheduling. For the latter, a scheduling model suitable for repetitive const
10、ruction has to be developed. Reda (1990) and Cole (1991) also demonstrated the necessity of scheduling for repetitive projects. This study, according to OBriens suggestion, is to develop a graphical-based scheduling method applicable to repetitive projects of RC building superstructures so that the
11、most popularly practiced construction method in Taiwan, sitecast concrete structures with wooden forms, may be in line with it. Literature reviewsThe theoretical scheduling approach of repetitive projects is based on the principle of Assembly Line Balance, in which there are two premises: (1) work c
12、ontinuity for each activity from one unit to the next, and (2) appropriateness for the lower-bound limit of construction intervals between adjacent activities within the same unit. The principal methods for repetitive scheduling are the Line of Balance (LOB) method and the Linear Scheduling Method (
13、LSM). The difference between them is that the duration between units having identical activities is assumed as a constant for LOB method, and variable for LSM (Moselhi and Khaled, 1993). In recent decades, for the scheduling of repetitive projects, a number of methodologies have been developed, such
14、 as linear programming (Handa and Barcia, 1986; Reda, 1990 (RPM); Russell and Caselton, 1998), dynamic programming (Selinger, 1980; Russell and Caselton, 1988; Eldin and Senouci, 1994; Senouc and Eldin, 1996; El-Rayes and Moselhi, 2001), simulation (Halpin, 1977 (CYCLONE); Ashley, 1980; Kavanagh, 19
15、85 (SIREN); AbouRizk and Halpin, 1990; Lutz et al., 1994; Chehayeb and AbouRizk, 1998; Shi and AbouRizk, 1998), neural 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 3 -network (Adeli and Karim, 1997), and genetic algorithms (Hegazy and Wassef, 2001; Leu and Hwang, 2001). The common assumption of the above-mentioned studies is
16、 the work continuity for each activity from one unit to the next, or the work continuity on partial units. Wang and Huang (1998) presented a multistage linear scheduling (MLS) method to tackle the problem of adjacent activities of the same unit restricted by an upper limit of the interval time. It h
17、as been found from the MLS method that the interval between the start times for adjacent units at least equals the longest duration among all activities in a unit. Moreover, some scheduling methods for high-rise buildings have been presented. OBrien (1975) presented the Vertical Production Method (V
18、PM), adopting the concept of an assembly line with a predetermined progress rate of each activity. A graphical technique was incorporated to inspect each activity with regard to whether the construction logic is achieved or not. Thabet and Beliveau (1994) analyzed the start time of each activity wit
19、hin a unit, and established a Horizontal and Vertical Logic Scheduling (HVLS) procedure to manage both horizontal and vertical constraints in high-rise building. This scheduling procedure can be implemented based on critical floors, determined by horizontal and/or vertical constraints as specified b
20、y the users. In addition, Thabet and Beliveau (1997) used a knowledge-based system to adjust the HVLS procedure so that it would satisfy the constraints of field space and useful resources.Nevertheless, as these models satisfy the assumption of continuous work of identical activities on (partial) fl
21、oors, they are applicable to steel structures or SRC structures. The purpose of this paper is to present a scheduling model for RC multistory buildings. The proposed model, a graphical-based method, is based on the concept of resource reuse with plain mathematical means to determine the start time f
22、or each floor of RC buildings. Details of assumptions and formulation of the GMSM are presented in what follows.Assumptions and constraints Assumptions：Through analysis of the characteristics and custom of constructing RC building superstructures, underlying assumptions on which to base the GMSM wer
23、e induced and are summarized as follows: 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 4 -(1) work continuity of each activity is maintained within each floor;(2) starting any activity on any floors must wait for the completion of the same activity on the previous floors; (3) duration for each activity on different floors sha
24、ll be constant; and (4) the construction method shall remain the same for each floor. Since both form workers and rebar workers are two main categories of labor in the construction of RC building superstructures in Taiwan, maintaining work continuity within each floor can reduce idle time. Therefore
25、, the first assumption is in accordance with the construction custom of RC buildings. The second assumption satisfies the resource reuse. Since the construction method of RC buildings consists of some well-defined activities, the duration for identical activities performed by skilled form and rebar
26、workers on each floor is almost the same. For simplification, the duration for identical activities is assumed to be constant in practice. The fourth assumption is matched with the definition of repetitive construction of a superstructure by a specific construction method. Work flow of a floor From
27、the fourth assumption, one must ensure what activities in the work flow of floors are, and use the work flow as a basis for deriving the GMSM. The construction method of RC building superstructures in Taiwan uses sitecast concrete structures with wooden forms. The work flow of a floor for RC buildin
28、gs consists of nine activities, which are shown in Figure 1(a). At the same time, it is assumed, for the work flow, that the duration for non-critical-path activities should not exceed that of critical-path activities. For the matter of simplification, let the work flow consist of seven serial activ
29、ities, which is shown in Figure 1(b).山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 5 -The work flow of a floor for RC buildings can be simplified into a seven-step construction sequence: (1) layout of structure members; (2) setting column reinforcements; (3) erecting wall and column forms, and setting wall reinforcements; (4)
30、 erecting beam forms and shores; (5) erecting slab forms, stairs forms and shores; (6) setting beams, slabs and stairs reinforcements; and (7) pouring concrete, as shown in Figure 1(b). In Figure 1, the symbols Wi and Di used in this study represent each activity on floors and its duration, respecti
31、vely.Because both the activities of layout of structure members and pouring concrete (requiring more professional skill and pump cars though) take shorter durations than do others, contractors usually subcontract these two jobs to reduce costs. The rest of the activities are performed by form and re
32、bar workers. Constraint for scheduling From the work flow as shown in Figure 1 for the scheduling process of RC building superstructures, it is required to consider not only the input of the resource (e.g. the least labor combination) and constructability (the least work space) for each activity on
33、a typical floor, but 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 6 -also three factors: (1) downup construction, (2) regulations of building inspections, and (3) form reuse, of which all affect RC building construction. Furthermore, these factors can be transformed into restrictive formulas for establishing a GMSM Constrain
34、t for downup construction In general, an RC building superstructure is constructed by repetitively using the same construction method for each floor. It is consistent with the definition of a repetitive project (Reda, 1990), and can only be constructed in sequence from the lower level of floors. In
35、addition, the start of layout of structure members for a floor must be delayed 1 day after pouring the concrete for the preceding floor. Since the construction of adjacent floors cannot be both undertaken at the same time, the RC building superstructure has the characteristic of downup construction.
36、 Due to the characteristics of downup construction for the RC building superstructures, the layout of structure members activity on the j=1st floor, for instance, has to start after the completion of concrete pouring for the jth floor. The graphic representation of this characteristic is shown in Fi
37、gure 2(a), and its restrictive formula is expressed as equation (1): (1)Since the work continuity for each activity within a floor is maintained according to the first assumption, F7j can be expressed as Sj1+ Dk, with which equation (1) then can be rewritten as 7a restrictive formula of the start ti
38、me with respect to the activity 1 for each floor, as shown in equation (2): (2)The significance of equation (2) is that the interval between activities of layout of structure members for adjacent floors shall be at least equal to the duration of constructing a floor. Similarly, the constraint of a s
39、tart time of j+2nd floor can be obtained as (3)Substituting equation (2) into equation (3), we have山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 7 -(4)From equation (4), it can be deduced that the interval between the start times for two floors with r floors apart shall be at least equal to r times the duration of a floor. Th
40、e graphic representation of equation (4) is shown in Figure 2(b).Figure 2 Graphical representation of constraint for down-up construction山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 8 -中文译文：基于图解的钢筋混凝土建筑物多级施工计划法Y. C. huang中华人民共和国，台湾，台北县，中和市华信街 111 号，华夏科技和商业研究所，建设管理部门2004 年 2 月 13 日提交，2005 年 3 月 4 日发表在台湾，日益激烈的竞争环境使得承建商倾向专注于某些特
41、定类型的建设，并且这种专业化需要一些计划模型来为不同类型的建设提供更好的组织成果。一种新的实用的方法，基于图解的多级计划法（GMSM）来组织钢筋混凝土建筑上层建筑的施工在此呈现。从钢筋混凝土建筑物的特点和施工定制分析可知，有四个约束条件， （一）顺序施工（二）建设检验（三）梁模板的反复利用，以及（四）板模板的反复利用，可以被建立。 由于GMSM 被开发利用是基于图解的方法和资源再利用的概念，也就可以推得，一般形式的GMSM 可以轻松的运用于任何软件。这项研究的结果为有效的指导钢筋混凝土建筑物上层建筑的施工提供了一些定量的信息。关键词：多级施工计划，重复工序，钢筋混凝土建筑，GMSM说明在台湾，
42、日益激烈的竞争环境使得承建商倾向专注于某些特定类型的建设，并且这种专业化需要一些计划模型为不同类型的建设提供更好的组织成果。在台湾，位于市区的高层建筑大部分是钢筋混凝土结构。对于高层建筑这种建筑类型的利用是非常受到重视的，它不仅可以增加利润，而且可以减少对城市交通的影响。对于安排高层建筑的施工日期，网络计划技术已经普遍被采用。关键路径法（CPM）是最流行的一种，例如，MS Project，Primaver 计划软件等，都是基于关键线路法。然而，假设，所有活动都是独立的，当在每一层楼有重复相同的活动时，关键线路法不会考虑资源的反复利用。OBrien（1975）提出，高层建筑施工工序被分为两类：（
43、1）非重复性工程，如土方工程，基础工程，非标准平面层工程;（2）重复性工程，如基于标准层设计的上层建筑。在前一类，关键线路法被用来执行计划。对于后者，适于反复施工的计划模型，尚有待开发。香港地产建设商会（1990）和 Cole（1991）也证明了重复施工计划的必要性。这项研究中，根据 OBrien 的建议，是开发一个基于图解的施工计划，适用于钢筋混山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 9 -凝土建筑上层建筑的重复工序。因此，在台湾，利用木模板施工现浇混凝土结构最普遍实用的施工方法，应该能和它建立联系。文献综述理论分析重复工序施工计划法是基于“流水作业” 的原则，其中有两个前提：（1）从一个施工
44、段到下一个施工段的每一项工序都是连续的，和（2）同一施工段内的相邻工作之间的间隔时间的限制是适当的。重复施工计划的原则性方法是平衡线（LOB）法和线性计划法（LSM ） 。它们之间的区别是，具有相同工序的施工段之间的持续时间，对于平衡线法是不变的，而对于线性计划法是可变的。 （Moselhi 哈立德，1993 年）近几十年来，重复工序的施工计划方法已被大量开发，如线性规划法（Handa and Barcia，1986 年; 香港地产建设商会，1990(RPM); Russell and Caselton，线性规划,1998 年） ，动态计划（Selinger ，1980 年;Russell a
45、nd Caselton，1988; Eldin and Senouci，1994 年; Senouc 和 Eldin，1996 年;El-Rayes 和 Moselhi，2001 年） ，模拟法（Halpin，1977 年（CYCLONE）; Ashley，1980; Kavanagh，1985（SIREN ）; AbouRizk 和 Halpin，1990 年; Lutz 等， 1994; Chehayeb 和 AbouRizk,1998 年;Shi 与 AbouRizk,1998 年） ，神经网法(Adeli和 Karim 1997） ，遗传算法 ;（Hegazy 和 Wassef，200
46、1 年; Leu and Hwang，2001） 。上述研究的共同假设是每个活动从一个施工段到另一施工段工作是连续的，或局部施工段工作是连续的。Wang 和 Huang（1998）提出了多级线性计划（ MLS）的方法来解决被间隔时间上限限制的同一施工段相邻的工序的安排问题。基于多级线性计划可以发现，相邻工序的开始间隔时间最少等于这个施工段上最长的工序持续时间。此外，一些高层建筑的施工计划方法已提出。OBrien（1975）提出的垂直生产法（VPM ） ，采取一个每项工序具有既定施工速度的流水作业线概念。一种利用图解技术检验每项工序是否符合施工逻辑。Thabet 和 Beliveau（1994）
47、通过分析了一个施工段每一个工序的开始时间，并建立了一个水平和垂直逻辑计划（HVLS）来管理在高层建筑的水平和垂直约束。这种计划安排可以基于关键层被应用，并由用户指定的水平和/或垂直的限制决定。此外，Thabet 和 Beliveau（1997）以知识系统程序来调整水平和垂直逻辑计划的过程，因此，它将满足施工面和有用资源的约束。当这些模型满足楼层上相同工序的连续性假设时，它们就被用于钢结构或型钢混凝土结构。然而本文的目的是提出一个可用于钢筋混凝土多层建筑物的施工计划模型。这个基于图解方法的计划模型是基于纯数学方法计算出的可利用资源的概念来确定每层钢筋混凝山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 10
48、 -土建筑物的开始时间。下面将阐述 GMSM 详细的假设和公式。假设和约束条件假设：基于 GMSM 的假设,通过分析钢筋混凝土建筑上层建筑的施工定制和特点，推导,总结如下：（1）每一楼层每项工作的连续性保持不变。（2）任一楼层任何工作必须等到前一楼层相同工作结束才能开始。（3）在不同楼层的每个工序的持续时间应是恒定的;并且（4）每层楼的施工方法应保持相同。由于模板工人和钢筋工人这两大类劳工在台湾是钢筋混凝土建筑上层建筑施工的主要工种，所以，保持每层楼工作的连续性可以减少空闲时间。因此，第一个假设与钢筋混凝土建筑物的建设定制相一致。第二个假设满足资源重复利用。是由于钢筋混凝土建筑物的施工方法，包
49、括一些明确的工序，如由熟练钢筋，模板工操作的相同工序的持续时间在每一楼层几乎是相同的。为了简化，假设相同的工序的持续时间事实上是不变的。第四个假设与特定施工方法重复施工上层建筑的定义相符。一层的施工流程从第四个假设可知，一项必须确定的事是在工作流程中的施工工序都有哪些，并把这一流程作为 GMSM 开始的基础。在台湾，钢筋混凝土建筑上层建筑的施工方法是使用木制模板施工现浇混凝土结构。钢筋混凝土建筑物一层的工作流程包括 9 个工序，如图 1（a）所示。同时，它假设，对于一个工作流程 ,非关键路径上的活动的时间不应超过关键路径上的活动时间。为简化问题，我们使工作流程包括七个工序，如图 1（b）所示。山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文- 11 -图 1 层流水工序W1:放线W2:绑柱钢筋W3:支墙柱模板W4:支梁模板和支撑W5:支梁，板模板和支撑W6:绑梁板楼梯钢筋W7:浇筑混凝土W8:组装脚手架W9:绑墙钢筋钢筋混凝土建筑物一层的工作流程可以简化成七个施工步骤：（1）放线;（2）绑扎柱钢筋;（3）竖立墙和柱的模板，绑扎墙钢筋;（4）树立梁模板和支撑;（5）树立楼板，楼梯模板和支撑;（6）绑扎梁，板和楼梯钢筋;（7）混凝土浇筑，如图 1（b）所示。在图 1 中，W i 和 Di 的符号在这项研究中代表流水工作的每一项工序，和其分别的持续时山东建筑大学毕业设计
