1、- 1 -Chapter 1 (答案D D C A C A D B C A F T F F T F F T T F)1) Psychology is best defined as the scientific study ofA) the mind and consciousness.B) the mental processes of individuals.C) mental disorders and abnormal（反常的） behavior.D) the behavior of individuals(个别的) and their mental processes.2) The
2、first task in psychology is to make accurate observations（观察） about behavior. This means that psychologists must first _ behavior.A) predict B) explain C) control D) describe3) When drawing conclusions（结论） about behavior, psychologists rely onA) their own personal beliefs. B) what is known as “commo
3、n sense（常识）.“C) objectively collected information. D) their everyday observations of people.4) In order to investigate behavior, researchers may use different levels of analysis. Which of the following research questions exemplifies（例子） the broadest, most global level of analysis?A) What are the ori
4、gins of prejudice?B) Are there gender differences in prejudice?C) Are there differences in how various racial groups express prejudice?D) What is the role of early childhood experiences in the formation of prejudice?5) In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus （艾宾浩斯）wrote that “Psychology has a long past, but onl
5、y a short history.“ Which statement best captures（描述） the idea that Ebbinghaus was expressing（表达）?A) Psychologists, like philosophers, have difficulty learning from their mistakes.B) Questions about human nature have existed for a long time, but only recently have the methods necessary to answer the
6、m been developed.C) The field of psychology has existed for a long time, but only recently have scholars begun to record the accomplishments（造诣） of the profession.D) Although psychologists have been doing laboratory research for hundreds of years, little of substance（实质） has been discovered about hu
7、man nature.6) Which statement most closely characterizes （是的特征） the current （流行）view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior?AA) Psychologists borrow and blend from（混合） different perspectives（观点）.B) Psychologists tend to agree that the most productive approach is the biological perspectiv
8、e.C) Psychologists take the approach that complex behavior can be reduced to patterns of simple behavior.D) Although psychologists differ in their basic approach, all agree on the questions to be asked and how they should be studied.7) A psychologist who explains a rapists(强奸犯) behavior in terms of
9、the rapists displaced - 2 -hostility（敌意） toward his mother is most likely to prefer the _D_ perspective.A) cognitive B) humanistic（人本主义） C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic（精神动力）8) Psychologists who take the behaviorist approach seek to BA) illustrate解释 the innate天生的品质 goodness of humans.B) understand
10、how environmental stimuli（刺激） control behavior.C) validate the importance of thought processes in human behavior.D) demonstrate the importance of unresolved conflicts and inner forces.9) A teacher wants to see whether smiling at children if they raise their hands when she asks a question increases t
11、he likelihood （可能性）that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedent environmental condition is _ and the consequence is _.CA) smiling; raising of hand B) raising of hand; smilingC) asking a question; smiling D) raising of hand; asking a question10) The humanisti
12、c perspective in psychology gives greater weight and importance to AA) the capacity of humans to make choices.B) breaking down complex behavior into elementary units of behavior.C) how environmental forces come to control the individuals behavior.D) the powerful instinctual tendencies that dominate
13、peoples actions.II True or False F T F F T F F T T F1) Psychologists are trained to describe behavior from their own subjective（主观的） point of view, making sure to include their own biases（偏见） and expectations in their observations.2) With respect to the goals of psychology, descriptions must stick t
14、o perceivable（可知觉的） information, whereas（但是） explanations deliberately（谨慎的） go beyond what can be observed.3) Psychologists believe that behavior should only be studied in a controlled research laboratory.4) In 1879, B. F. Skinner founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psycholog
15、y.5) In Freuds（弗洛伊德） view, human nature is not always rational（理智的）, and behavior may be driven by motives（动机） that are not in conscious awareness.6) According to the humanistic perspective, people are driven by powerful, instinctive（本能） forces, manipulated by their environments, and are incapable o
16、f making choices and decisions concerning their lives.7) In the view of psychologists who follow the cognitive perspective, behavior is completely determined（坚定的） by preceding environmental events and past behavioral consequences.- 3 -8) Simply stated, the idea behind natural selection is that organ
17、isms （有机体）that are better suited to their environments tend to produce offspring（后代） more successfully than those organisms with poorer adaptations.9) Brain imaging techniques（脑成像技术） have led to dramatic breakthroughs in the field of cognitive neuroscience（神经科学）.10) Clinical psychologists apply the
18、insights of researchers, but are not trained to do research themselves.Chapter 21) In what ways are theories and hypotheses（臆测） interrelated?A) Hypotheses are more important than theories.B) Theories are more important than hypotheses.C) When a hypothesis derived from a theory is not validated, the
19、theory must be modified.D) Theories are not of fundamental importance in generating new hypotheses, except when a theory has been proven.Answer: C2) When psychological researchers are ready to put their hypotheses to the test, they rely onA) intuition. B) the scientific method.C) common sense. D) su
20、bjective judgments.Answer: B3) There is a joke among scientists about a researcher who tells others that he belongs to a secret scientific society, where no one but the researcher will ever know about the studies members are doing. This joke is humorous because it violates（违反） the principle（原则） ofA)
21、 determinism. B) control groups. C) open-mindedness. D) public verifiability.Answer: D4) A research assistant who is working in a psychologists laboratory learns the importance of keeping complete records of observations and data analyses. Such procedures（程序） are followed in order toA) increase obje
22、ctivity.（增大客观性）B) increase subjectivity.C) increase observer bias.D) prevent other researchers from replicating a study.Answer: A5) An “observer bias“ isA) an “educated guess“ about what will happen.B) the direct result of the context of discovery.C) the direct result of the context of justification
23、.D) an error due to personal motives and expectations.Answer: D6) If a researcher defines variables（变量） or conditions in terms of the specific（明确的） procedures used to determine their presence, he or she is using a(n) _ definition.- 4 -A) biased B) confounded C) operational D) hypotheticalAnswer: C7)
24、 A placebo effect （安慰剂效应）occurs whenA) an experimenter finds what he or she expected to discover.B) participants have not been randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions.C) participants change their behavior because of their belief that a treatment has an effect.D) both participants an
25、d experimental assistants are unaware of which participants get which treatment.Answer: C8) When neither research participants nor research assistants are aware of which participants receive which treatment, researchers have employed aA) placebo control. B) between-subjects design.C) single-blind co
26、ntrol technique. D) double-blind control technique.（双盲控制技术）Answer: D9) When planning a study, you determine that of the one hundred participants, fifty will have to be randomly （随便的）assigned to the experimental condition and the other fifty to the control condition. The type of experimental design y
27、ou are using is known as a _ design.A) placebo control B) single-subject C) within-subjects D) between-subjectsAnswer: D10) Which of the following is true of the within-subjects （被试内设计）experimental design?A) It is a type of between-subjects design.B) There are no comparison conditions in this design
28、.C) There are two experimental groups and one control group.D) Each participant serves in all conditions of the experiment.Answer: D 11) A researcher is interested in the relationship between brain damage and the ability of humans to plan their behavior. Which type of research design would be most a
29、ppropriate（合适的） for the researcher to use?A) placebo control B) experimental C) correlational（相关） D) within-subjectsAnswer: C12) Imagine that your instructor asks you to determine whether there is a relationship between musical ability and mathematical ability. The type of design best suited to this
30、 task would be a(n)A) experiment. B) case study.C) correlational study（相关研究）. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: C13) With respect to psychological measurement, when data are consistent or dependable they are referred to as_, whereas the term _ means that the information that is produced accurately
31、 measures the variable or quality that it is intended to measure.A) valid; reliable B) reliable（信度）; valid（效度）C) consistent; reliable D) reliable or valid; consistentAnswer: B14) Which of the following is true of the within-subjects experimental design?A) It is a type of between-subjects design.B) T
32、here are no comparison conditions in this design.- 5 -C) There are two experimental groups and one control group.D) Each participant serves in all conditions of the experiment.Answer: D15) A teacher is trying to see whether smiling at her students will increase the number of questions they ask. In t
33、he first and third week of the study, the number of questions students ask is recorded. In the second week, the teacher smiles a lot at her students, and the number of questions is also recorded. What type of research design is being used?A) within-subjects B) correlational C) placebo control(1.安慰剂控
34、制法 ) D) between-subjectsAnswer: A16) A researcher who is interested in documenting the relationship between internal （内部的）psychological states such as a persons motivation to succeed and his or her feelings of self-confidence would most likely use a _measure.A) behavioral B) self-report（自我报告）C) phys
35、iological D) naturalistic observationalAnswer: B17) Suppose an elementary school teacher is interested in measuring the amount of time a young student in her class is working productively（有效果的） versus chatting with classmates. It would be most appropriate for the teacher to use aA) questionnaire.（问卷
36、法） B) behavioral measure.C) a self-report measure. D) a face-to-face interview.Answer: B18) Suppose you were interested in the kinds of movies your friends like to watch. You develop a simple questionnaire that asks them about their attitudes toward different film genres（风格） and then you also record
37、 which films they actually attend. The measurement technique you are using is best described asA) self-report measures.B) behavioral observations.C) naturalistic observations.D) a combination of self-report and behavioral observations.Answer: D19) A clinical psychologist is working with the Federal
38、Bureau of Investigation(1.（美国）联邦调查局)（FBI） to develop an understanding of serial killers. She decides to focus her attention and measurements on a particularly brutal murderer who is serving a life sentence. Her approach is referred to as aA) case study. B) representative sample.C) within-subjects de
39、sign. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: A20) Imagine that you have agreed to participate in psychological research. Prior（先验的） to the study, you will be given information about what you can expect and other details of the research, and asked to sign a form indicating（指示） your willingness to partic
40、ipate. This process is known asA) debriefing. B) informed consent.（知情同意）C) risk/gain assessment. D) intentional deception.Answer: B- 6 -II True or False 1) A theory is defined as an organized set of concepts（概念） that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena.Answer: TRUE2) In order to minimize(.把减至最
41、低数量 程度) the potential（潜在的） for bias, researchers must be certain that no variable in an experiment is operationally defined.（不可能做到）Answer: FALSE3) In an experiment, researchers manipulate（熟练操作） the dependent variable （因变量）and measure the independent variable.Answer: FALSE4) A double-blind control is
42、 an experimental technique in which biased expectations are eliminated by only telling the experimental assistants which participants have received which treatment.Answer: FALSE5) In a within-subjects research design, different groups of participants are randomly（随便的） assigned to experimental condit
43、ions or to control conditions.Answer: FALSE6) The entire（全部） set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample is called the population（总体）.Answer: TRUE7) The primary purpose of using correlational methods is to establish cause and effect relationships.（因果研究才是）
44、Answer: FALSE8) If two variables are completely unrelated to each other, they will yield a correlation coefficient（系数） of zero.Answer: TRUE9) Questionnaires and surveys are examples of self-report measures.Answer: TRUEChapter 31) 1) Nature is to nurture （教养）as heredity （遗传） is toA) evolution. B) agg
45、ression. C) environment. D) natural selection.Answer: C2) A prisoner is violent and hostile, although he wasnt always this way. His therapist believes that the environment the prisoner was raised in brought about his aggressive tendencies. The therapist (咨询师)is espousing the view that behavior is pr
46、imarily influenced byA) nature. B) biology. C) nurture. D) heredity.Answer: C3) In evolutionary terms, an individuals success is measured by theA) amount of territory one controls. B) degree of comfort an individual attains.C) number of offspring an individual produces. D) level of intelligence an i
47、ndividual acquires.Answer: C- 7 -4) Members of a species who posses the range of physical and psychological attributes best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive. This concept is known asA) natural selection. B) genotypical structure.C) phenotypical structure. D) survival of the fitt
48、est.Answer: D5) As you enter the crowded room, you catch a glimpse of your friends dark hair and slim frame. What you are noticing most directly are aspects of your friendsA) genotype. B) phenotype(1.表现型).C) adaptations. D) selective advantage.Answer: B6) In the vocabulary of evolutionary theory, yo
49、u have inherited _ from your parents.A) a genotype B) a phenotypeC) a behavioral repertory D) your outward appearanceAnswer: A7) You are hastily (1.匆忙地,仓促地)jotting notes for a quiz on basic genetics. Luckily, a friend notices that you have incorrectly written thatA) DNA contains 46 chromosomes(1.【医】同原染色体).B) genes are located on chromosomes.C) DNA is located in the nucleus of each cell.D) DNA contains instructions for the production of proteins.Answer: A8) Sex chromosomesA) contain 23
