1、专升本英语考试中的重点与难点 -语法结构与写作,邵润平 西北大学外国语学院,考试形式及试卷结构,I. Vocabulary and structure1). 存在的问题2). 解决方法 II. Writing1). 存在的问题2). 解决方法,Vocabulary and Structure,一、存在的问题 1、典型、特殊结构掌握不牢靠 2、易混词之间辨析能力差 二、解决方法 1、归类 2、举一反三 3、增强辨析意识 4、强化记忆,一、倒装,1. Only under special circumstances _ to take make-up tests. A. are permitted
2、 freshmenB. freshmen are permittedC. permitted are freshmenD. are freshmen permitted,1). Only in this way can we succeed. 2). Only by working hard can one succeed. 3). Only when one falls ill does one know the value of health. 4). Only after the accident did he become careful. 5). Only then did I re
3、alize the importance of English. “only + 副词, 介词短语, 状语从句” 位于句首，即当句首状语由only修饰时, 谓语部分需部分倒装。,Only Tom can enter the room freely. You can come to a sound conclusion only when you have obtained sufficient data.,2. _ yesterday, I would have asked him not to do that. A. Had he come B. Provided he came C. If
4、 he came D. Has he came 虚拟条件句中的倒装 Were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句（即省略了if的虚拟条件句）谓语需部分倒装。 1). Should he come, tell him to phone me. 2). Were I in your position, I would go to the party.,二、虚拟语气中的特殊句型,1. It is necessary that the students _ more exercises to do.A. have B. can haveC. must have D. will have(sh
5、ould) + 动词原形important, necessary, urgent, essential, insistent, vital, advisable, proper,2. I had not expected Rose to come and see me, but I _ that she could have phoned me.A. hope B. hoped C. had hoped D. would hopeMike had hoped that she would answer his letter.,3. Would rather + that-clauseI wou
6、ld rather you stayed at home.She would rather that he had stayed at home last night. 4. Its (high/about) time thatIts time that the kids went to bed.Its high time that we left. 5. 表示祝福或愿望 May you be happy! May you succeed!,三、易混词的辨析,1. We cant hear you clearly. Youd better _ your voice.A. raise B. ar
7、ise C. rise D. arouse 2. The doctor used strong medicine to _ the sick child for cold.A. restore B. cure C. treat D. recover 3. The new government report on agricultural production is a very interesting _.A. edition B. volume C. copy D. publication 4. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a
8、person, the body immediately recognizes it as _.A. novel B. remote C. distant D. foreign,四、固定短语,1. You are always _ fault with what I do.A. thinking B. seeing C. discovering D. finding 2. He offered to _ her a hand as the suitcase was too heavy for her to carry.A. borrow B. show C. help D. lend 3. S
9、cientists will have to _new methods of increasing the worlds food supply.A. come up with B. come up forC. come down with D. come down to,五、非谓语动词,1. There _ nothing to say, the girl remained silent.A. was B. had C. being D. having 2. _ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Not having
10、 receivedC. having not received D. Not received 3. Mike used to look hurt and surprised when _.A. scolding B. having scoldedC. to scold D. scolded,六、定语从句,1. 1).The village (that/which) we visited yesterday is very beautiful.2). The village where/in which I was born is very beautiful. 2. 1). I wont f
11、orget the days (that/which) I spent in the country.2). I wont forget the days when/during which I lived in the country. 3. 1). The reason (that/which) he gave is reasonable.2). The reason why/ for which he was late is that he had lost the way.,词汇和语法结构:归类举一反三增强辨析意识强化记忆,Writing,评分标准 1、文章切题, 字数在120个单词以
12、上, 用词和句型无重大错误, 词汇范围和句型灵活多样, 有少数拼写错误, 得17-20分。 2、文章切题，字数在110-120个单词之间，文章基本通顺，用词和句型较单调，且有少数语法错误和少数拼写错误，得14-16分。 3、文章基本切题，字数在100个单词左右，文章表达的意思基本清楚，但有重大语法错误，有不少拼写错误，得10-13分。 4、文章基本切题，字数在80个单词左右，但大部分句子词不达意或不通顺，得7-9分。 5、文章基本不切题，但写了少数句子，只得1-6分。 6、文章不切题，找不出一个完整而正确的句子，不得分。,关键 存在的问题,1、切题 一、不切题 2、内容完整 二、结构混乱 3、
13、语言连贯 三、缺乏逻辑 4、表达清楚准确 四、词不达意 5、语言灵活多变 五、语言缺乏美感,关键五步,一、读题与审题二、构思与布局三、草拟提纲四、写作五、检查与修改,一、认真审题,审题-文章是否切题、文章成败的关键1、分析题目和提示句 （内容） 2、主语人称 （避免人称混乱的有效途径） 3、时态、语态、语气有无特殊要求,Example 1,What would happen if there were no power? Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern l
14、ife. If there were no electric power, Therefore, ,二、扩展提示句（brainstorming）,围绕关键词，尽可能多地扩展提示句所提供的信息，构建基本框架Make the most of School Days 1、为什么上学； 2、在校时应多与老师接触； 3、在校时只钻书本或置学习于不顾都不好； 主题；人称； 时态,扩展提示句 1、为什么上学 （目的）acquire knowledge; learn how to get on well with others; improve ourselves; prepare ourselves for
15、 the future; 2、为什么应多接触老师 （多接触老师的好处）learned; experienced; learn how to be a man 3、不走两个极端 （联想为什么走两个极端都不好）if we only have the knowledge of the textbooks,if we lack the knowledge of the textbooks,三、写出段落主题句,文章主题句是作者思维的起点，切题的准绳，阐述的对象；而段落主题句则统领段落的中心内容。好的主题句，不但切题，便于围绕主题句进行扩展，而且常给读者一针见血之感。好的主题句：语法结构完整，内容概括，用
16、词简洁明了的单句。,Example 3Keys to Success Three fundamental principles should be kept in mind: diligence, devotion and perseverance. The first key factor to success is diligence, Devotion, is another key factor to success,; perseverance, is also necessary in order to make success a certainty,. No pains, no
17、 gains.,Exercise 1,Dont hesitate to say “No” 1. 在有人要求帮忙时，什么时候应该说“不”？ 2. 为什么有人在该说“不”的时候却不说“不”？ 3. 该说“不”却没说“不” 的坏处。 1. (We should) say “No” under the following situations (when asked for help). 2. There are several reasons for peoples hesitating to say “No”. 3. Hesitating to say “No” results in many s
18、ide effects.,四、草拟提纲,Example 5Learn how to learn 1、大学生中有许多人把拿到文凭视为学习的目的； 2、也有人认为大学的学习应该以发展个人兴趣和培养特长为目标； 3、我的看法。 1. Ts : Some believe that having a diploma is certainly the destination of study.Ds1: Diploma will guarantee opportunities.Ds2: Their life focuses on how to get a diploma. 2. Ts: Others bel
19、ieve that it is important to develop personal interests and specialties.Ds: They can lead to excellent academic achievements, even if at the cost of other subjects. 3. Ts: I believe we should learn how to learn.Ds1: We should learn broadly.Ds2: We are supposed to take a wide interest in many discipl
20、ines.,五、段内句子的连贯性,除切题之外，作文的另一个重要评分标准是连贯性，即层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯-承接词We go to school to become learned and to get ready for the future. That is to say, we acquire knowledge at school. More than that, we go to school not only to be educated, but also to adjust and perfect ourselves, for school consists of diff
21、erent people with different nature. Thus, it enables us to deal with relationships among various peoples. School also trains us to have clear and sound minds. Therefore, we can be useful to the society.,承接词,1、表总结、归纳generally speaking, in general, in short, in summary, obviously, in brief, to sum up,
22、 generally, in a word, to conclude, therefore, in conclusion 2、表比较、对比like, otherwise, rather than, on the contrary, whereas, in contrast, similarly, unlike, however, but, nevertheless, on the one hand, on the other hand 3、表举例、列举for example, for instance, to begin with, first, second, third; such as,
23、 moreover, whats more, for one thing, for another, finally, in addition, in the first place, first of all, besides,4、表原因、结果because, as, for, since, thus, so, therefore, hence, consequently, because of, for this reason, on account of, due to, as a result of, owing to 5、表强调especially, particularly, no
24、 doubt, certainly, indeed, needless to say, in fact, actually, 6、表让步although, even though, after all, yet, despite, in spite of, as, though,六、句式的多样性,1、There be 句型 2、倒装结构 3、祈使句 4、感叹句 4、疑问句 5、强调句 6、长、短句 7、省略句 标点的多样性,七、检查与修改,1、是否切题1）文章内容是否切合文章标题要求；2）段落主题句是否与各段提示句内容一致；3）段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句表达一致； 2、是否连贯段落之间是否
25、连贯，句子是否自然流畅，连接词是否恰当 3、是否有语法错误主谓一致，时态，语态，人称，语气，词组搭配 4、是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误,How to develop a paragraph,Plan a paragraph Think of the topic/theme/main idea Think of the details/examples/facts Arrange them in a logical order,Ways of developing paras.,1. Development by timetime ordertelling a story,recounting
26、an event,2. Development by processto explain how sth is done.time orderstep-by-step description,3. Development by spaceto describe a placeto decide on the order in which to name different parts;,4. Development by detailtalk about experience, news or historical events;a general statement:“I saw a ver
27、y funny film yesterday.”“A traffic accident occurred at the crossroads north of our school.”,5. Development by exampleIf details are used to illustrate a general point, the become examples.“The dictionary is very useful.”,6. Development by generalizationfrom the general to the specific from the spec
28、ific to the general,7. Development by comparison and contrastsimilarity & difference,8. Development by cause and effecteffect- causescause-effects,9. Development by classification“The 40 students of this class fall into 3 groups.”“ Every educated person has at least two ways of speaking his mother tongue.”,10. Development by definitiona. give a synonym “ to mend means to repair.”b. use a sentence“ Ink is colored water that is used for writing.”c. write a para. Or even an essay.,11. Development by a combination of methods,Thank you !,
