1、 英语 科学案 序号 03 高三 年级 11 班 教师 李月华 学生 Period 4-5 高考语法必备之一- 名词Step1 专题一 名词的分类类别 意义 例词专有名词 表示人、地点、组织、机构或事物等的专有名称The Changjiang River, Maria, WHO个体名词表示个别人或事物的名称 apple, pencil, doctor, lawyer可数名词集体名词表示若干人或事物的总称 people, family, audience, team物质名词表示物质和材料的名称 air, sand, wind普通名词不可数名词抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名词pe
2、ace, confident, anger, freedom联想拓展：有少数名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词，但意义有所不同。名词 不可数名词 可数名词glass 玻璃 眼镜room 空间 房间work 工作 著作、作品paper 纸 报纸、文件Step2 专题二：名词的数名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分。而可数名词又有单数和复数之分。能用具体数字来计数的名词是可数名词，不能用具体数字来计数的名词是不可数名词。1. 可数名词的数可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单、复数形式。单数变为复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化在一般情况下，词尾加s。在清辅音后面读s： books, cups在浊
3、辅音和元音的后面读z: beds, hours其他：houses, horses以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的词，词尾加 es, 读iz:buses, boxes, dishes, watches以 f 或 fe 结尾的词，现将 f 或 fe 变成 v,再加-es, 读vz: halfhalves, wifewives但有例外：beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, roof roofs, safesafes(保险箱)handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/ handkerchieves以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 再加-es, -ies 读作
4、i zfactoryfactories, citycities, universityuniversities, quantityquantities, majoritymajorities, minorityminorities不规则变化：内部元音发生变化：manmen, woman women, toothteeth, footfeet词尾加en 或 ren：ox oxen, childchildren单复数同形：sheep, deer, spacecraft, aircraft, Chinese, Japanese, yuan, means, crossroads, headquater
5、s(总部 ), series, species, works2. 不可数名词不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，一般情况下，不可数名词没有数的变化，但是，在下列情况下，不可数名词可以转化为可数名词。1）某些物质名词在表示“种类”或“数量”时可以转化为可数名词，有些词义还发生了变化。food 食物 foods 各种食物 green 绿色greens 青草 tea 茶teas 各种茶silk 丝绸 silks 各种丝绸衣物 wine 酒a good wine 一种好酒wind 风a strong wind 一阵大风2) 某些抽象名词在表示具有某种性质的人或表示某种情况及概念时，可以转化为可数名词，多
6、被a/an 修饰，常见的有：beauty 美人或美丽的事物 comfort 令人感到安慰的人或事 danger 令人感到危险的人或事honor 令人感到荣耀的人或事 joy 令人高兴的人或事 pity 令人遗憾的人或事pleasure 令人感到高兴的人或事 regret 令人感到遗憾的人或事 shame 令人感到可惜的人或事shock 令人感到吃惊的人或事 success 成功的人或事 surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或事wonder 令人感到惊异的人或事 experience 经历 knowledge 一门知识time 一段时间 population 人口的数量3. 集体名词一群相似或相关
7、的个体结合而成的集合体的名词称为集体名词，又称集合名词。如：family, team, government, army, audience, company.1）有些集体名词本身即表示单数意义又表示复数意义。一般说来当这些集体名词被视为一个整体时，表示单数意义，做主语时谓语动词用单数；强调这个群体的成员时，表示复数意义，做主语时谓语动词用复数；这些名词在表示一个整体时，也有复数形式，但意指多个这样的群体。The family _ (be) not large. The family _ (be) all music lovers.Many families _ (have) a washin
8、g machine of this brand.The government _ (have) taken effective measures to solve the problem with laidoff workers.The government usually _ (hold) a meeting before making any critical decisions.常见的此类集体名词有：audience, army, class, committee, community, company, coupe, crew, crowd, company, couple, crew
9、, family, government, group, media, public, staff, team, majority, minority, cattle有些集体名词只表示复数意义：people, the English, the Chinese有些名词只有复数形式，在它们充当主语时，谓语动词只可以用复数：clothes, regards, surroundings, belongings, goods, customs, chopsticks, compasses, glasses, jeans, pajamas, pants, scissors, shorts, spectac
10、les, stockings, trousers. 4) 有些名词的单复数形式意义差别很大：armarms artarts customcustoms 4. 专有名词专有名词一般没有复数变化，有些专有名词虽然以s 或es 结尾， 但做主语时，其谓语动词仍然用单数。The United Nations _ (be) playing an important part in international affairs.There _ (be) only one Himalayas.注意：专有名词具体化How I wish to be a Newton.A Dick is asking to see
11、 you.There are two Marys in our class. I often confuse them.The Greens are traveling in Russia.I want to buy a Toyota.They are working hard to build a new Zhongshan.Step 3 专题三- 名词的所有格名词的所有格共有三种：-s 所有格，of 所有格和双重所有格，这三种所有格形式使用的场合和具体含义不同。1. -s 所有格-s 所有格是最常用的结构，一般情况下的所属关系都可用这种结构来表达。1）-s 所有格的构成方法一般情况下在词尾
12、直接加-s。例如：my sons watch a womans hospital Jennifers guitar to live a dogs life 以 s 或 es 结尾的专有名词所有格，只在名词的右上方加 “”。例如：the workers club以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如以读音z结尾，一般可在名词右上方加 “”，也可以加“s”。 例如：Rosess book复合名词所有格的词尾s 加在后面名词之后。例如： her soninlaws photo如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词后加“s ”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”。例如：Jane and Marys r
13、oom Janes and Toms books在表示“某人家” “店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。例如：at the doctors at the barbers at the tailors to my uncles at Mr. Greens起修饰作用的名词，如不表示所有关系，通常不用“s ”。例如：coffee shop a tooth brush room number有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s ”来构成所有格。例如：Chinas industry the stations waiting room, todays ne
14、wspaper, ten minutes walk构成不同的节日时常用“s”所有格Valentines Day April Fools Day Childrens Day Teachers Day Fathers DayNew Years Day2. of 所有格of 所有格由 “of+名词或名词性短语 ”构成，修饰前面的名词。1) 多数情况下，of 所有格后面的名词是无生命的东西。the CEO of the IBM a map of the world the name of our school2) of 所有格也可以用于有生命的名词，尤其是这一名词后有很长的修饰语时：the arriv
15、al of the president one leg of the cowthe death of the musician the life of the poor the needs of the youngHe is the friend of the girl whom we met just now.3) 有时既可以用“s”所有格也可以用 of 所有格，两者可替换：the son of a farmer= a farmers son the works of Marks= Marks works注意：以下几种情况中， “s”所有格与 of 所有格不能互换。1）表示事物的类别时，只用
16、“s”所有格，不用 of 所有格。mens room childrens stories womens magazines2）某些习语中只有“s”所有格。at arms length a wolf in sheeps clothing3）当前后两个名词是同位关系时，只用 of 所有格。the city of Xian the year of 20083. 双重所有格of 所有格和-s 所有格合在一起用于一个短语中，就叫双重所有格。它主要用来强调所属关系和强烈的感情色彩，主要有以下两种用法：1. 特定人的不特定的所有关系双重所有格中带-s 所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的、指人的名词，同时，of
17、 前面所修饰的名词必须是不确指的名词，一般不能在其前加 the, this, that, these 等限定词。a latest work of my fathers (works)another friend of Georges (friends)any friend of Georges (friends)2. 表达特殊的情感有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词连用时，往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。That brother of yours is always looking for trouble.This old watch of my fathers gains a lot
18、every day.Step 4 专题四 名词的句法功能名词（短语）在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补足语、状语、称呼语、定语等。1. 作主语朋友是你赏赐给自己的礼物。_知识就是力量。 _2. 作宾语名词可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。你收到电子邮件了吗？_他在会议上提出了一个可行的计划。_我们大多数同意这个提议。_3. 作表语水资源短缺依然是中国西部最大的问题。_那个女孩的成功依然是一个谜。_4. 作同位语这是我的朋友欧文。_你们女孩子到这边来。_5. 作补足语我们正在不遗余力地使我们的国家成为发达国家。Were sparing no efforts to _.查理卓别林被认为是
19、伟大的演员、导演和编辑。Charlie Chaplin is considered _.6. 作状语请等一会儿！_我们将于星期一见面。_不知不觉我走了两英里。_ before I knew it.请走这边！_7. 作称呼语Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing.Walk this way, Mrs Chen.8. 作定语在中国南方生长着很多香蕉树。_.对不起，我是化学老师，而不是英语老师。_注意：1）可数名词作定语时一般用单数。an animal world a history teacher tooth brushes a football play
20、era paper basket radio programs a shoe factory a car park book marks2) 有些常以复数形式出现的名词作定语时用复数形式。a clothes shop a customs officer a glasses store a goods train a jeans shopa sales manager a sports meet a trousers pocket走进高考-What does Carries sister do?-She works in a _ factory.A. shoes B. shoes C. shoe
21、 D. shoesStep 5 专题五 常见的名词后缀1. ment: 状况 agreement movement 2. ness: 抽象名词 happiness fitness3. tion: 动作，状态 explanation dictation4. er: 人 worker buyer5. or: 人 actor sailor6. ist: 家/者 pianist scientist7. ess: 雌性的 actress lioness8. ability, -ibility 能力；性； stability sensibility9. age: 动作状态，总称 marriage post
22、age10. craft: 技巧；工艺 aircraft handicraft11. dom: 形态；领域 freedom kingdom12. hood: 状态；身份 childhood livelihood （生计）13. ism: 主义；宗教 socialism Islamism14. logy: 学 zoology biology15. ship: 状况；权；资格 friendship leadershipStep 6 基础达标 自我检测写出下列名词的复数形式。1. daughter _ 2. team _ 3. text _ 4. comrade _5. horse _ 6. bru
23、sh _ 7. match _ 8. family _9. diary _ 10. century _ 11. knife _ 12. wolf _13. tomato _ 14. radio _ 15. photo _ 16. foot _17. deer _ 18. woman doctor _ 19. passerby _20. grownup _用所给词的正确形式填空：1. There are fiftysix _ (people) in China.2. We need much _ (room) for all the furniture.3. Where do you usual
24、ly spend your summer _ (holiday) ?4. There are 100 _ (woman) teachers attending the important meeting.5. There used to be a lot milu _ (deer) in China.6. These are art _ (work) of Tang Dynasty.7. _ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.8. We can see many _ (editorinchief) pr
25、esent at the conference.9. I had my hair cut short at the _ (barber) nearby yesterday.10. Failure is the mother of _ (succeed). 高考语法填空题之给出提示词（词类转换）1. After two earlier _ (marry), she married Vincent Astor in 1993 again.2. For many times in the past years I went to the hospital for some minor _ (trea
26、t) during my travel in other cities.3. I had no other _ (choose), though.4. Though not so popular as before, the custom is still observed by people in many places, who view it as a _ (necessary) to marriage procedure.5. The man pushed and pulled with all his _ (strong) to move the stone.6. The excit
27、ing news that Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize for literature renewed peoples enthusiasm towards literature, which is a great _ (motivate) to the development of Chinese literature.7. Due to the widespread _ (apply) of this medical technology, more diseases can be discovered and treated at an early st
28、age.8. I cant tell the _ (different) between the two words.9. To her _ (surprised), the salesgirl still helps that old lady.10. “Thank you.” is a polite _ (express) which is widely used in English.11. Most Chinese like drinking tea while _ (America) like coffee.12. The _ (win) of the competition are
29、 to be announced next month.能力提升：语法填空专练Mum: (putting on her coat) Im going to have to go down to the shop for more bread. Alan: Why? Mum: Im not sure what 1. _ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2. _ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them becaus
30、e theyre 3. _ (go).Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. Im sure he was in the kitchen 4. _ (early).Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5. _ (making) them, so he couldnt have done it. 6. _, he couldnt carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so Im sure 7. _ wasn
31、t him.Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasnt me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8. _ fridge?Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9. _ (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10. _. Now, why did I put on my coat?单句
32、改错：(复习名词考点)下列每句有一处错误，请划出并改正。1. Please give my regard to your parents.2. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.3. I have been told that most of them are woman doctors.4. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.5. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.6. My brother
33、had one of his tooth taken out.7. Shortly after the accident, two dozens police were sent to the spot to keep order.8. It took about one and a half hour for the firemen to put out the fire.9. What pleasure it is to be invited here to deliver a speech.10. Have you made preparation for the coming Christmas Day?
