1、第 1 课 中国的对外贸易China in the Market Place 市场经济中的中国一、 （Excerpts） （摘录）Barry Coulthurst examines the development of Chinas trade policy and the present state of the overseas links巴里 库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究The pattern of Chinas foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the People
2、s Republic.During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the countrys industrialisation programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.The Great Leap Forward
3、of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961) with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1
4、962.自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20 世纪 50 年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。19581959 年的“大跃进” 最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成 1960-1962 年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from th
5、e USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe.A consistent theme of Chinas foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries.20 世纪 60 年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重
6、视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints 限制 became more serious.“文化大革命 ”期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。Foreign trade, which has a
7、major role in the Four Modernizations programme, has grown rapidly over the past few years.A major trade agreement with Japan, under which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was signed in February 1978 .China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the
8、EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of 继什么之后 the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords 授予 China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇）在实现四个现代化中
9、起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978 年 2 月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备和技术。1978 年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继 1979 年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照 1980 年 1 月25 日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。Breakdown 分类A commodity breakdown of Chinas trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, food prod
10、ucts for 13 per cent, textile fibres and mineral ores for 7 per cent and manufactured goods (the most important products were textiles, chemicals and machinery and transport equipment) for 55 per cent.Since the founding of the Peoples Republic， strong emphasis has been placed on importing capital eq
11、uipment in order to strengthen the industrial sector.But the leading categories of imports in 1982 were food, which accounted for 22 per cent of the total, light manufactured items with a share of 20 per cent and machinery and transport equipment with 17 per cent.中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982 年燃料占总出口的 24%，食品占 13
12、%，纺织纤维和矿砂占 7%，制造品占 55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备） 。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备以便加强工业部门。但是 1982 年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的 22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占 17%。During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少） the proportion（比例） of agricultural exports, while increasing that of
13、 industrial and mineral products.A wide variety（多样性） of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry,food processing, water conservation and transport and
14、 communications.过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased b
15、y approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum.As a result, the visible trade surplus（有形贸易顺差） rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983.Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on expo
16、rting by Chinas economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979.Official（官方） recognition（承认） that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain
17、on the national economy.Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years - China became a net grain exporter in 1984 - and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton.1978-1983 年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近 18%，每年进口额增长率约是 11%。因此有形贸易顺差从 1981 年的 14 亿美元猛增到 1982 年的44 亿美元，1983 年是 37 美元。同
18、期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了 1979 年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致 1978 年进口增长 50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少1984 年中国成为粮食净出口国-1983 年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。The pattern of foreign trade growth was reversed in 1984: the value of exports increased by 10 per cent, but imports jumped 38
19、per cent with the result that the visible trade account was in deficit by US $ 1.1 billion.The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant 上升的 economic activity as well as to the success of the Governments trade and foreign investment policies.1984 年外贸发展模式出现反向发展，出口值增长 10%，进口值急剧上升到3
20、8%，结果有形贸易支出出现逆差，达 11 亿美元。去年进口的大幅度上升归因于政府的贸易政策和对外贸易政策的成功以及区域升温的经济活动。Direction of Trade 贸易方向Hong Kong is Chinas major export market accounting for approximately（大约） 26 per cent of total exports in 1983 (though much is re-exported to other destinations from there).Other important markets include Japan,
21、 with a share of 20 per cent in 1983, and the USA with approximately 8 per cent.The EECs share of Chinas exports has generally been around 11-12 per cent over the past few years (the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom), while the proportion destin
22、ed 指定 for the Comecon countries declined from almost 15 per cent in 1978 to 6 per cent in 1983.The non-oil developing countries (excluding Hong Kong) accounted for 23 per cent of Chinas total exports in 1983.香港是中国的主要出口市场，1983 年约占总出口的 26%（尽管许多出口商品从那里再出口到其他地方） 。其他重要的出口市场包括日本，1983 年占20%；还有美国，占总出口近 8%。过
23、去几年欧共体展中国出口额大约 11-12%（欧共体内主要的出口市场是德国和英国） ，出口到经互会国家的比例从1978 年的约 15%下降到 6%。1983 年非石油国家（不包括香港）占中国出口总额的 23%。In sharp contrast（鲜明对比）the developing countries provided less than 15 per cent of Chinas imports in 1983.The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan, with a share of 26
24、per cent, and the USA with 13 per cent.The EECs share in 1983 was 15 per cent and that of Comecon 8.2 per cent.1983 年发展中国家给中国提供的进口不到 15%，与发达国家形成鲜明对比。工业国家中对中国来说最大的供应国是日本，占 26%；其次是美国，占13%。 1983 年欧共体国家占 15%，经互会国家占 8.2%。The successful outcome to negotiations（谈判） between Britain and China about the futur
25、e（未来） of Hong Kong will strengthen（加强） Sino-British relations and is expected to boost（推动） trade between the two countries.A large British economic and trade delegation（代表团）, headed by Lord Young, Minister without Portfolio（不管大臣）, visited China in March.The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which
26、 rose rapidly between 1977 and 1980, declined in 1981-1982, but recovered strongly in 1983; imports from the United Kingdom followed a similar pattern（相似的样式）.The most important Chinese exports to Britain in 1983 were clothing, textile fibres（纺织品纤维）, tea and food products while the leading British ex
27、ports included iron and steel（铁和钢）, machinery and transport equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres.中英关于香港未来谈判的成功将会加强中英关系并有望促进两国贸易。有不管大臣杨勋爵率领的一个大型英国经济和贸易代表团 3 月份访问了中国。中国出口到英国的总值在 1977-1980 期间迅速增长。1981-1982 年间下滑，但 1983 年恢复很快；从英国的进口基本上也是一样。1983 年中国出口到英国的最重要的物品是服装、纺织纤维、茶叶和食品；英国的
28、主要出口商品包括钢铁、机械及运输设备、科学仪器、化工产品和纺织纤维。Chinese officials stress（着重） the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry（国内的工业）, but the need is for technology of varying（不同的） degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.中国政府重
29、视向国内的工业引进先进的的技术，但是需要的是各种各样的高精尖技术， ，而不一定是西方人所理解的先进技术。Reserves Rise 储备增加There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments, but the size of the visible trade surplus（过剩的） during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest（表明） that the cu
30、rrent account（经常项目） has been in surplus over the past few years.关于国际收支的无形贸易收支目前还没有官方统计资料，但是 1981-1983 年间的有形贸易顺差规模以及公布的旅游收益增加表明，在过去几年中经常项目一直是顺差。Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately（近似地, 大约） US $ 2.5 billion at end 1980 to US $ 17.0 billion (sufficient（充分的, 足够的） for approxim
31、ately eight months imports) by October 1984.Approximately US 12 billion of the countrys reserves are held by the central bank, the Peoples Bank of China, while the balance is controlled by the Bank of China which specialises in foreign exchange business.Individual（个别的, 单独的） cities must try to balanc
32、e their foreign exchange earnings and requirements, but there is some scope for purchasing（购买） additional foreign exchange with Renminbi yuan.The authorities（权力） are willing to permit a run-down in the countrys international reserves over the next few years as a means of accelerating the introductio
33、n of foreign technology.外汇储备从 1980 年底的近 25 亿美元迅速上升到 1984 年 10 月的 170 亿美元（足以用于近 8 个月的进口） 。约 120 亿美元的外汇储备由中央银行及中国银行拥有，剩余部分由专门从事外汇业务的的中国银行控制。各个城市必须平衡各自得外汇盈余和所需，但是允许用人民币购买额外的外汇。政府愿意在未来的几年中允许减少国家的国际储备，作为加速引进外国技术的一种途径。China has shown a much more flexible approach to foreign trade over the past few years a
34、nd has adopted a series of measures designed to strengthen international economic co-operation.Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China itself has participated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad.Since the late 1970s China has also adopted for
35、eign trade practices long-established in many other countries, Good are produce according to a sample provided by the customer, while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade where by a foreign seller supplies raw materials（原料） and equipment and receives manufactured goods, produced by th
36、e equipment provided, in return.Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product.Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign grade are eligible for exemption from
37、 customs duties and taxation.在过去的几年中，中国的对外贸易表现出非常灵活的方式，并采取了一系列措施，用以加强国际经济合作。鼓励外国在中国举办商品展览，中国自己也参与了一系列在国外举办的商品展览交易会。自从 20 世纪 70 年代末以来，中国也采纳了许多国家早已建立的对外贸易惯例。根据顾客所提供的样品生产货物，同时极力推行补偿贸易，即外商供应原材料和设备,并回收由这些设备生产的制造品。补偿贸易不同于易货贸易和反向贸易，因为在给外国所提供的设备和制造品之间有着直接的联系。始于 1978 年的制造业组装和特殊的对外贸易形式可以免除海关税和工商统一税。Investment
38、 Encouraged 鼓励投资A series of polices designed to encourage foreign investment have accompanied these trade reforms（改革）.A law adopted in 1979 defines（定义, 详细说明） the principles（法则, 原则） governing the rights and interests of participants in joint ventures（合资）.The China International Trust and Investment C
39、orporation (CITIC), established in 1979, co-ordinates incoming foreign investment, promotes joint ventures by assisting Chinese and foreign enterprises to find suitable business partners and also has responsibility（责任, 职责） for negotiating（谈判） contracts relating to 100 per cent foreign-owned enterpri
40、ses.When negotiations are complete and a joint venture contract has been agreed, it is submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for final approval.伴随着这些贸易改革，中国政府制定了一系列鼓励外国投资的政策。1979年采用的一项法律界定了指导合资企业参与者的权利及利益的准则。建立于1979 年的中国国际信托投资公司协调外来投资，通过帮助中外企业找到合适的商业伙伴推进合资企业的发展，并负责与独资企业通过
41、谈判签订合同。当谈判结束，统一签订合资企业合同时，该合同要提交到对外经济贸易部最后审批。Chinas cautious（谨慎的, 小心的） approach to foreign borrowing （借款）is to be maintained（维持,）, at least for the time being.The debt（债务, 罪过） problems confronting（面对, 面对面, 对质） a number of developing countries have reinforced（加强） Chinas determination（决心, 果断） to introd
42、uce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.Foreign investment is advantageous（有利的） insofar（在.的范围） as it facilitates the transfer of technology and skills and avoids creating an o
43、verhang of debt.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy, such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints, have been tackled.(解决) Chinas access 进权使用to substantial 大量的 sums of money fro
44、m the World Bank also reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms.中国借用外款的谨慎态度还要继续维持下去，至少暂时是这样。许多发展中国家所面对的债务问题加强了中国通过直接投资和由卖方提供付款方式来引进外资，而不是通过国际资本市场筹集大额资金来引进外资的决心。外国投资具有优越性，因为它可推进技术转让，避开债务威胁。中国当局认为，除非经济中的许多实际障碍，比如欠发达的交通网和能源限制得到解决，否则招致巨额外债是不适当的。中国对世界银行相当数额的享用权也减少了按商业条件借款的必要性。China has borrowed almo
45、st US $ 2 billion from the World Bank and its affiliates, but a substantial proportion of these loans are still to be disbursed.支出，付出 Figures compiled by the OECD and the Bank for International Settlements show borrowings from western commercial banks of approximately US $ 2 billion, but also show t
46、hat the bulk of Chinas foreign obligations consist of non-bank trade related credits which exceed US $ 4 billion.中国从世界银行及其附属机构借款近 20 亿美元，但这些贷款的相当比率还有待支付。经济合作和发展组织与国际清算银行收集的数字表明，中国从西方商业银行的借款近 20 亿美元，但是这些数字也表明，中国外债的绝大部分是卖方信贷，共超过 40 亿美元。While there are limited lending opportunities in the short-term, t
47、here appears considerable scope for foreign banks to undertake profitable business over the longer term.The need to develop business relationships with Chinese enterprises and government officials, which have persuaded 说服 a large number of foreign banks to open representative offices in Beijing or o
48、ther parts of China.尽管从短期来看，存在有限的借出机会，但是长远看来外国银行进行有利可图的商业活动还是很有前景的。由于需要与中国企业和政府官员发展商业，一大批外国银行在北京和中国的其他地方设立了代办处。-From China Now Spring 1985, No.112-摘自当今中国 （1985 年春，第 112 期）二、Words and Expressionsinitially ad.最初；开头subsequently ad.随后；后来；接着exacerbate v.使加剧；使恶化contract v.收缩 ；缩小disrupt v.扰乱；使中断constraint
49、n.约束；限制in the wake of 紧紧跟随；在.后accord v.授予；给予breakdown n.分类sector n.部分；部门category n.种类；类item n.项目；项balance n.（收支等的）平衡；均衡per annum （ 拉丁语）每年undue a.过度的；不应有的strain n.重负；过度的要求reverse v.倒转；反向in deficit 赤字；逆差attribute v.把.归因于； 把.归于buoyant a.趋于上升的destination n.目的地；终点destine v.预定 ；指定decline v.下降 ；减少outcome n.结果；结局boost v.推动；提高Lord n.（英 ）勋爵recover v.恢复；复苏instrument n.仪器introduce v.引进varying a.不同的 ；有差异的sophistication n.（技术、产品等的）紧密；高级；尖端term n.术语 ；词语statistics n.统计资料pronounced a.显著的；明显的earning(s) n.收益；赢利tourism n.旅游业suggest v.（间接地）表示；暗示in surplus 盈余；顺差specializ
