1、第一章 土的基本性质和工程分类 CHAPTER1 Basic Characteristics and Engineering Classification of Soils,第一节 土的形成 1.1 The Formation of soils,一、土的搬运和沉积The Transportation and Sedimentation of soil土是岩石风化的产物. To the Civil Engineer soil is any uncemented or weakly cemented accumulation of mineral particles formed by the w
2、eathering of rock, the void space between the particles containing water and/or air.,运积土: Transported soil 残积土: Residual soil,一、 In a brief , soil is the products of weathering rock.,The weathering action and main nature of soils 土的特征: The characteristics of soils: (1)碎散性: (2)三相体系 (3)自然变异性 性质复杂,不均匀,
3、各向异性且随时间而在不断变化。 注:岩石三相体系:固体矿物、液体、气体,二、风化作用和土和主要特点,第二节 土的三相组成 1.2 The Three-Phase Composition of soils,一、固体颗粒 (Solid Particle) 一粒径级配 (Particle size gradation/grading)粒径级配 :粒径大小及其在土中所占的百分比. 界限粒径土性质改变的粒径尺寸 粒组以界限粒径为依据,根据其大小分为若干组,200 20 2 0.05 0.005 分界粒径 漂石 卵石 园砾 砂粒 粉粒 粘粒 块石 碎石,粗粒土(无粘性土) (coarse-gained s
4、oils/none-cohesive soil) 细粒土(粘性土) (fine-gained soils/ cohesive soil),1.粒径级配的分析方法 筛分试验 sieve analysis test,d0.1mm(d0.074mm) 筛分法d 0.1mm(d0.074mm) 水分法(比重计法) 12. 粒径级配曲线(Particle size distribution curve)小于某粒径含量 式中: G总称量, X筛余量,粒径,小于某粒径 土的含量(%),d30,d60,d10,图1-1 土的粒径级配累计曲线,1 3. 粒径级配累积曲线的应用 d60控制粒径 d30特征粒径 d
5、10有效粒径 不均匀系数 (coefficient of uniformity) 均匀土 不均匀土曲率系数(coefficient of curature):表示连续性好: 判断好级配土(well-graded):,(二)土粒成分( Particle ingredient)固体成分,1. 粘土矿物的晶体结构和分类 The crystal structure and classification of clay minerals 粘土矿物:片状铝硅酸晶体 The basic structural units of most clay minerals consist of a silica te
6、trahedron(四面体) and an alumina octahedron (正八面体).,分类:(依硅片和铅片的组叠形式的不同) 高岭石( ) (kaolinite) 1:1 亲水能力差 蒙特石( )(montmorillonite)2:1 亲水能力强 伊利石( )(illite) 介于二者之间 2.粘土矿物的带电性质 利用电渗现象排水,片状粘土颗粒带负电的原因,原生矿物颗粒粗,呈粒状 次生矿物颗粒细微,多呈片状(plate-like)或针状(needle-shaped)1. 粘土比表面积代表粘土特性的重要指标2. 颗粒形状重要意义,磨圆度粗糙度与抗剪强度指标有关。,二、土中水 Wat
7、er in soils,(三)颗粒形状和比表面积,毛细水中张力分布,+,-,(1-6),2.重力水(gravity water),三、土中气体(air in soils) 吸附于土颗粒表面及溶于水的气体 与大气相通的气体可以排出 封闭性的气体不可以排出 存在有封闭气体的土,称为橡皮土,工程中决不允 许,第三节 土的物理状态 1.3 The Physical State of Soils,一、土的三相关系(The three phase relationships of soils) 三相图(Three phase diagram/skeletal diagram/ block diagram)
8、,(二)确定三相量比例关系的基本试验指标 (The basic test indexes for decide the scale relationship of three phases) 1、土的密度(bulk density),实验室:环刀法,容重(unit weigt),2、土粒比重(specific gravity of the solid soil particles),3、土的含水量(water content, or moisture content ),实验室:烘干法,(三)确定三相量比例关系的其它指标 1、孔隙比(The void ratio is the ratio of
9、 the volume of voidsto the volume of solids, i.e),2、孔隙度(The porosity is the ratio of the volume of voidsto the total volume of the soil, i.e),3、饱和度( The degree of saturation is the ratio of the volume of water to the total volume of void space, i.e),The void ratio and the porosity are inter-related
10、as follows:,4、饱和密度 For a fully saturated soil (Sr=1), saturated density is:,5、干密度 For a completely dry soil (Sr=0), dry density is:,6、浮容度 When a soil in-situ is fully saturated the solid soil particles(volume 1 unit, weight Gsw) are subjected to upthrust (w) .Hence the buoyant unit weight (/) is giv
11、en by:,i,e,三相指标的换算(表1-5),二、土的物理状态(The physical state of soils),(一)粗粒土(无粘性土)的密实度 (The compactness of none-cohesive soil)1、分类 (Classification)无粘性土:,(1)砂土相对密度( relative density )In the case of sands the relative density (Dr) is used to express the relationship between the actual void ratio (e) and the
12、limiting values emax and emin. The relative density is defined as:,(1-19),疏松,中密,密实,(多用于填土方的质量控制),天然砂土的密实状态,还可根据标贯试验(standard penetration test, STP )的锤击数N来区别: N10 松散 1030 密实,(2)碎石密实状态野外鉴别方法:,(二)粘性土(细粒土)的稠度 The consistency of cohesive soils(fine-gained soils) 1.粘性土的稠度状态 The consistency state of cohesi
13、ve soils稠度,土的软件硬程度或土对外力引起变形或破坏的能力。图1-20 土中水与稠度状态,半固体 塑性状态 流动状态,2界限含水量(又称阿太堡界限) The Atterberg limits,Wp(plastic limit)试验室用搓条法(经验法) WL(elastic limit)在试验室用锥式园锥仪,3.液性指数 (The liquidity index)工程上用以判别重塑土软硬程度,表1-7 坚硬 硬塑 可塑 软塑 流塑4、塑性指数 (plasticity index),Ip是细粒土分类的依据。粘土(clay)粉质粘土(silty clay),(不代百分号),第四节 土的结构
14、1.4 The structure of soils,决定土的性质的因素:,一、 一、 粗粒土(无粘性土)的结构(The structure of coarse-gained soils/none-cohesive soil) 单粒结构(single-grained structure ): 颗粒之间点与点的接触 二 二、细粒土的结构:( The structure of fine-gained soils/cohesive soil) 受范德华力,胶结作用力,库仑力,毛细压力,The net inter- particle forces govern the structural form
15、assumed by clay mineral particles in a soil,the two extreme structures are dispersed structure (分散结构)and flocculent structure (凝聚结构). The dispersed structure results when there is net repulsion(净反力) between particles and the flocculent structure when there is net attraction(净吸力).,图,三、反映细粒土结构特性的两种性质
16、Two characteristics of fine- gained soils reflecting theirs structural nature (一) 粘性土的灵敏度( The sensitivity of cohesive soil),原状土的无侧限抗压强度 具有与原状土相同密度和含水量并彻底破坏其结构的重塑土的无侧限抗压强度 土的结构性土的性质受结构扰动的影响而改变的特性,表1-8,低灵敏,中灵敏,高灵敏,(二)粘性土的触变性(thixotropy of cohesive soil) 含水量不变,土因重塑而软化,又因静置而逐渐硬化 强度有所恢复的性质。,第五节 土的工程分类 1
17、.5The engineering classification of soils,地基土的分类 分类目的:,The object of soil classification is to divide soils into groupssuch that all the soils in particular group have similarcharacteristics ,by which they may be identified, and exhibit Similar behavior in given engineering situation.,一、建筑地基基础设计规范分类
18、 The classification of soils according to architecture foundation design criterion,(一)岩石(rock),分类,(二)碎石土(crushed stone),大于颗粒总重的50%,(三)砂土(sand),Sr%,稍湿,很湿,饱和,(按湿度分),(四)粉土(silt),粉土,粉土,(五)粘土(clay),1.分类,2.按工程地质特征分 (according to engineering geological character) (1)一般粘土(clay):第四纪沉积物压缩性低,强度较高,良好的地基。 (2)淤泥和
19、淤泥质土(muck and mucky soil):软弱土,不好地基(处理) (3) 红粘土(red clay): 裂隙发育(特殊土),(六)人工填土(fill/artificial soil),式中, Ip土的塑性指数p0.002粒径1.25 活性粘土 反映粘土矿物吸附结合水的能力,二、细粒土的活性指数,第六节 土的压实性 1.6 Soil Compaction,Compaction is the process of increasing the density of a soil by packng the particles closer together with a reducti
20、on in the volume of air : the volume of water remains unchanged .,压实目的(Target of compaction ),一、细粒土的压实性 The Compaction of fine-grained soils,(一)最优含水量和最大干密度理论曲线: The optimum water content and the maximum dry density,试验表明: 约在土的塑限 附近,对应的干密度为最大干密度的原因: (1)w wop土偏湿,土粒中存在大量的自由水,在击实过程中不易很快的排除,这阻止了颗粒的靠扰,因引击实
21、效果差。,(3)w=wop w= wop颗粒间存在部分的强结合水、部分的弱结合水,弱结合水在击实过程中起到润滑作用,因而击实效果好。(二)压实功能的影响The influence of compactive efforts 同一种土: wop随E而变 w wop,wE的影响 (三)填土的含水量和辗压标准的控制 The standard of field compaction is controlled by means of frequent measurements of the bulk density and water content of newly-compacted soil.(1) wwop 可塑性大,但强度较低,且具不等向性,压实度: . 9598% 土石坝(earth and stone bankment) 9295% 控制:wop(23)% 二、粗粒土的压实性: The Compaction of coarse-grained soils完全干燥或者充分洒水饱和的情况下容易压实到 压实标准一般用相对密度Dr控制: Dr :0.70.75,