1、The Neoclassical Period,The Neoclassical Period,Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 恪守希腊罗马时期的古典美学原则 形式上强调体裁的既定形式，主题上强调文学的道德说教性 与文艺复兴的最大区别：后者更注重古典文艺
2、中的人文主义精神,John Dryden (16311700) 约翰德莱顿,John Dryden,1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(
3、桂冠诗人).,John Drydens Works,Changeable, a time-server(随波逐流的人): 1. an elegy on Cromwells death: “Herioick Stanza” ”英雄诗辩” 2. An Ode on Charles II: “Astraea Redux”伸张正义” 3.a didactic poem when James II in reign “The Hind and the Panther” “牝鹿与豹”,John Drydens Works:,3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “
4、All for Love” “一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy” “论戏剧诗”,约 翰 德 莱 顿,5. political satires: 1) “Absolom and Achitophel” “押沙龙与阿托奈拖菲尔” Its subject is politics and written in heroic couplet. 6. a comedyMarriage a la Mode 时尚婚姻现代婚姻,Comments,1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and fle
5、xible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.,John Bunyan 约翰班扬,John Bunyan(16281688),John Bunyan: a Puritan po
6、et,His Works: 1. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner (written in prison) 罪人受恩记功德无量 2. Pilgrims Progress (masterpiece) 天路历程,John Bunyan: a Puritan poet,3. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 恶人先生的生平和死亡 贝德曼先生的一生 4.The Holy War 神圣战争,Analysis: The Pilgrims Progress,a man clothed with rags standing in a
7、certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked, and saw him open the book, and read therein; and as he read, he wept and trembled; and, not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying, “What shall I do?“,一个
8、人穿着破烂的衣服,站在一个地方,背对着自己的房舍,手里拿着一本书,背上 负着一个沉重的包袱。我正看着，只见他打开书本一边阅读， 一边流泪，全身颤抖，后来情不自禁地伤心起来：“我应该做 点什么？”,基督徒,the worldly troublesand worries,the Bible,Analysis: The Pilgrims Progress,1. The Pilgrims Progress is a religious allegory. 2. Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons
9、. In reality, the Celestial City in The Pilgrims Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist（迷雾）,Analysis: The Pilgrims Progress,the City of Destruction毁灭城,the Slough of Despond绝望泥潭,the Vanity Fair名利场,Doubting Castle
10、怀疑城堡,the Delectable Mountains快乐山,the Celestial City天国城,具有寓意性质的和地名,具有寓意性质的和人名,Faithful,Malice怨恨,Badman恶人,Pickthank拍马,Superstition,Envy,Judge Hate-good恨善法官,Truth,对当时社会现实生活作了相当广泛的批判性描述,Analysis: The Pilgrims Progress,3. “Vanity Fair” is a remarkable passage.It is an epitome of the English society after
11、 the Restoration. Everything can be sold or bought in this fair and the persecution of Christian and Faithful is described.,Analysis: The Pilgrims Progress,4. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. 5. Bunyans prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solem
12、n dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible.,John Bunyan,6.Symbolism is another feature in The Pilgrims Progress.,人生朝圣者们的艰难历程,人天路的朝圣者,基督寻求救赎的朝圣历程 人类摆脱世间烦恼和焦虑、 追求美好永恒未来的过程。,Bunyans language:,1.Bunyans language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that
13、of the writers of the Renaissance. 2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.,Bunyans language:,3.He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe.,Alexander Pope 亚
14、历山大薄伯 （16881744）,Alexander Pope 亚历山大薄伯,Alexander Pope 亚历山大薄伯,1) Pope is a classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment. (At the age of 12, he contracted得病 tuberculosis结核 of the spine脊骨 that left him dwarfed变矮小, twisted and hunchbacked驼背.),2) Popes Works:,(1) Pastorals田园组诗 (2) Essay on Criti
15、cism论批评a didactic poem in heroic couplets (3) The Rape of the Lock夺发记, the masterpiece, which is worth reading for its description and satire of the dull court life of England of that time.,Popes Works:,(4) Translations, in heroic couplet The Iliad of Homer荷马的伊里亚特 The Odyssey of Homer 河马的奥德赛 (5)The
16、Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集,Popes Works:,(6) “The Dunciad” “愚人志”, a satirical poem. (7) “Moral Essays” “道德论”, a philosophic poem. (8) “An Essay on Men” “人论”, a philosophic poem.,Workmanship,1. Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half
17、 of the 18th century. 2.He became so perfect in using heroic couplet. 3. He was a diligent reader.,Workmanship,4. His style depends upon his patience in elaborating his art. 5. He was at his best in satire and epigram (警句).,Limitation,1. He lacked the lyrical gift. 2. He sometimes becomes artificial
18、 and obscure (difficult to understand). 3. His satire was not always just, often caused by personal grudge (resent).,I. Biographical Introduction,was born in London in a butchers family, not obeying his fathers will, he developed his interest in business, though his business underwent many ups and d
19、owns, yet he was never beaten;He never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academiesHis marriage with an heiress named Mary Tuffley brought him the sizeable fortune of 3,700 pounds as dowry. When he died in 1731, he left his wife and daughters fairly we
20、ll provided.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his fleet after a fall.,II. Five Facts to be Remembered, Defoe was a jack-at-all-trades, who developed his interests largely with the working classes. He was a radical Non-conformist (非国教)in religion,
21、 and was intended by his father for the independent ministry. Defoe was a journalist and pamphleteer. Be good at making “good story” Defoe knew prison life. At the age of nearly 60, he turned to fiction and wrote the great work by which he is best remembered. Robinson Crusoe earned him good reputati
22、on and fortune as well.,III. Artistic features, Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of
23、casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best. His novels enjoyed great popularity among the middle class.,IV. A Case Study of Robinson Crusoe, The full title should be The Life and Stra
24、nge Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe. It is based upon the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, or Seleraig, who had been marooned in the island of Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile and who had been lived there in solitude for five years. However, Defoe himself didnt acknowledge this resourc
25、e., setting (time) -From 1659 to 1694 setting (place) -York, England; then London; then Sallee, North Africa; then Brazil; then a deserted island off Trinidad; then England; then Lisbon; then overland from Spain toward England; then England; and finally the island again Narrator: Robinson Crusoe, th
26、e protagonist Point of view: the first and third person Foreshadowing and symbols,The Major Points in Robinson Crusoe,Characterization,Robinson Crusoe Self-independent; perseverant; inspiring and innovating, adventurous, colonial mind; practicalHe is no flashy hero or grand epic adventurer, He does
27、notboast of his courage in quelling the mutiny, and he is always ready to admit unheroic feelings of fear or panic, as when he finds the footprint on the beach. Crusoe prefers to depict himself as an ordinary sensible man, never as an exceptional hero.,Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift( 1
28、667-1745) Irish satirist best known for Gullivers Travels.,Jonathan Swift,For the most part, other than “A Modest Proposal” and Gullivers Travels, Swift is out of critical vogue now. Theres not a lot of work being done on him (relatively speaking). But if Swift only wrote these two pieces, hed be co
29、nsidered a genius today.,Gullivers Travels (1726),Gullivers Travels was Jonathans first big dive into prose. Defoes novel about Robinson Crusoe had appeared in 1719 and in the same vein Swift makes Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon and a sea captain, recount his adventures. It was originally intended as an
30、 attack on the hypocrisy of the establishment, including the government, the courts, and the clergy (Swift didnt like to restrict himself unduly), but it was so well written that it immediately became a childrens favorite. It shows Jonathans desire to encourage people to read deeper and not take thi
31、ngs for granted: readers who paid attention could match all of Gullivers tall tales with current events and long-term societal problems.,Gullivers Travels,“Satire is a sort of glass wherein beholders do generally discover everybodys face but their own, which is the chief reason so few are offended b
32、y it.” - SwiftThe satire of Gullivers Travels makes use of navet to convey satirical attacks on society.There are two effective ways for creating satire: inflating triviality by elevating it to grandeur, and deflating grandeur by reducing it to triviality.,Gullivers Travels: Part I,In part one, Gull
33、iver is wrecked on an island where human beings are six inches tall. The Lilliputians have wars, and conduct clearly laughable with their self-importance and vanities - these human follies only reduced into a miniature scale.,Some Pictures,Gullivers second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag.,Part II,Pa
34、rt III,In the 3rd voyage contemporary scientist are held up for ridicule: science is shown to be futile unless applicable to human betterment. Gulliver then travels to the flying island of Laputa and the nearby continent and capital of Lagado. There he meets pedants obsessed with their own special f
35、ield and utterly ignorant of the rest of the life.,Part IV,Gulliver visits the land of Houyhnhnms, where horses are the governing class and have reason and all good and admirable qualities; while Yahoos, hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in
36、 almost every other way.,Swifts style,他的散文纯朴犀利、准确有力，有人曾拿鲁迅先生的散文风格和斯威夫特的相比。英国18世纪初期两位散文家：笛福和斯威夫特，文章都写得具体、生动、朴素、有力。但笛福的散文和斯威夫特的散文比较起来，就看得出这两个作家一个是商人，另一个是学者。笛福的语言反映出英国资产阶级注重实际的性格，因此它是非常有条理的、简单明了的、准确的、实事求是的。而斯威夫特的语言却在平易中见机智，在冷静中见热情，在具体事物中见抽象的哲理。因此说斯威夫特的散文风格较笛福的要高出一筹。李赋宁,Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁 （17071754）,H
37、enry Fielding （17071754）,Fieldings Novels,(1) Joseph Andrews 约瑟夫安德鲁斯的经历(1742) (2) Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人乔纳森魏尔德(1743) (3) Tom Jones 汤姆琼斯(1749) (4)Amelia 阿米丽亚(1751),Fielding as a Playwright,Fieldings dramatic theory and practice were in conformity with (一致) the theory of “a return to nature” and
38、the principle that the stage should be “a school of morality” in the Enlightenment period.,（1）The Welsh Opera威尔斯歌剧 (1731) （2）Don Quixote in England 唐吉诃德在英国 (1734) （3）Pasqin 巴斯昆 (1736) （4）The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年历史记事 (1737),26 plays,Fielding as a Playwright,Fielding as a Playwr
39、ight,Construct effective situations; conduct natural and vivid dialogues; develop his gift of satire.,II. Last Para.,“菲尔丁被逐出莫里哀和阿里斯拖芬的行业而从事 塞万提斯的行业，从此，英国小说成为文学的一种光 荣，而英国戏剧则成为文学的耻辱。”,Fieldings Novel, Joseph Andrews,Richardsons Pamela set Fielding to Joseph Andrews. In the Preface, Fielding describes
40、the novel “a comic epic poem in prose”(“散文体滑稽史诗”). The novel talks mainly about the adventures of Joseph and Parson Adams. (路上小说),Jonathan Wild the Great,A satire of a particular “great man” of the ruling class. 菲尔丁嘲弄那一代的“伟大人物”。大人物的“伟大”只不过在于他们能运用手中权力压迫和欺骗小人物。这种虚伪(hypocritical)的伟大只能给人类带来各种灾难。,Fieldin
41、g, the Man,Fielding was a man full of vigour . His capacity for work was outstanding. His mind was incessantly active learning, meditating, creating.,Fielding, founder of realistic novel,He sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. The basis of Fieldings works was “nature herself” (the exa
42、ct observation and study of real life). The centre of his working philosophy was common earthly Man.,Comments on Fielding,The profound knowledge of human nature was acquired by “conversation”.Most of his characters are compounded of both observation and imagination, of both experience and invention.
43、,The “father of the English novel”,Some Features,Methods of Tellng a Story,Satire,A Master of Style,Educational Function,directly by the author,humorous; grim,a faithful picture of life; sound teaching,easy, unlaboured and familiar, vivid and vigorous,severe 严厉的 scathing 尖刻的 relentless无情的,Thomas Gra
44、y,Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷,His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作写在教堂墓地的挽歌出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表
45、。 His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat” and so on. (Ode:.赞，颂)他的其他作品还有春之颂，伊顿公学展望，爱猫之死等等。,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the s
46、ounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking peopl
47、e, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Grays sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.,Goodbye.,Thanks for your attention.,Goodbye.,
