1、（1）表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词 that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2) 从属连词 whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词 if 一般不用来
2、引导表语从句，但 as if 却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是 20 多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be, seem, look 等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
3、The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释：1 连词 because 可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2 在一些表示“ 建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。s
4、hould+动词原形表示，should 可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词 that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词 whether。如：Whether
5、hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my
6、only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。解释：1 主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语。常以 it 作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that 从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything
7、. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that 从句。
8、如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen 等不及物动词及短语+that 从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out
9、 that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give
10、 us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2注意连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the
11、 person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。（3）宾语从句1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词 that。如：He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he
12、 has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。注： that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that 不能省略。1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时，that 不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that 不能省略。)对他我
13、一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that 从句位于句首时，that 不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语，that 不可省略。)鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词 if/whether。如：I doubt whe
14、ther he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you
15、why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon wha
16、t you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。解释：1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will
17、 not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2作介词的宾语：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导，而要用 what 来引导。如：Are you sorry for what you
18、ve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother w
19、as very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4连词 whether (or not)或 if 引导的宾语从句if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether 常和 or not 连用，if 一般不与 or not 连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而用 wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please
20、 let me know whether you want to go.if 从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声” 。5宾语从句的否定转移。在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？6 宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。（4）同位语从句 1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
