1、主语主语的用法： 主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。主语可以用这些词类或形式来担任：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词的 ing 形式、从句等可作句子的主语。 名词或名词短语作主语Some young people cant settle down to their own business Weather in our coastal city is nice and cool in summer代词作主语： This is all I wantNothing else She has already left China for Chile数词作主语：通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数Thre
2、e is enough for each of us Four and five makes nine Have you worked it out，Jeff? 名词化形容词和名词化分词表示一类人作主语，谓语动词常用复数。The sick and the old need our help The wounded should be sent to hospital at once 动词不定式或-ing 形式作主语： a. 区别动词不定式，不定式作主语表示特定的、一次性的事情；动词的-ing 形式作主语表示经常性的、习惯性或职业性的事情；b. V-ing 形式和 to do 不定式作主语时常用
3、 it 作形式主语，用形容词或名词作表语，常用的句型是：It is + adj./ n. for sb. to do sth. 但如果形容词是：good，worthwhile, useless, use，worth 等时后面则用-ing 形式。如：It is necessary for us to master another foreign language.Its no use crying over the spilt milk. 主语从句在句中作主语的名词性从句称为主语从句，主语从句所对应的谓语动词通常用第三人称单数的形式。Athat 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。
4、（that 引导宾语从句时可以省略。 ）如： That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是 that 引导主语从句，that 不能省略。 可以改为用 it 作形式主语的句型：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.B从句做主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。如：It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的。It is true that
5、 that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家，这是真的。 Cwhether 与 if 的区别：whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但 if 不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加 or not, 而 if 不能与 or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用 if.如：Whether I knew John doesnt matter. = It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。It remains to be seen whet
6、her the ex-president will be sentenced to death. 注意：It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. whether 引导的是宾语从句，作介词 on 的宾语，不能用 if 引导。译为：这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句，介词宾语，不能用 if 引导。 d. 区别 it 作形式主语代主语从句与 it 引导强调句型的情况： a. it 作形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句
7、的连接词没有变化；b. it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that(被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom) ，且被强调部分在从句中充当成分。如：It was my suggestion that made him confident of success. 正是我的建议使他对成功有了自信。 my suggestion 在从句中做主语，因此本句属于强调句。区别主语从句： It is my suggestion that he needs more practice. 链接高考： 【考例 1】 （2011北京卷） Barbara Jones off
8、ers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom【答案与解析】 B 整个句子的谓语是 is，因此需要填入的是主语从句的一部分，分析句子成分，offer 需要宾语，选择 what。【考例 2】 （2011江苏卷）It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner. Athat Bhow Cwhen D why【答案与解析】 句子中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语为_ the man hadnt reported the ac
9、cident sooner. 主语从句主谓宾成分齐全，再分析主句部分 never clear 可知有疑问的含义，排除 A。综合全句，不清楚的内容是为什么没有早点报告事故。【考例 3】 （2011湖南卷） Before the problem can be solved, it must be obvious _the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why 【答案与解析】 A 同上题，it 做形式主语，主语从句内缺 is 的表语，需要填入what， which 表示在几者中选择，不符合语境。【考例 4】 （2011重庆卷）34. I
10、t is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life. A. whose B. what C. which D. that【答案与解析】 B 本题中， it 做形式主语，真正的主语是后文的不定式 to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.不定式中又包含一个宾语从句，what use 一起做be of 的宾语。巩固练习： 1. _ makes this shop different is that it off
11、ers more personal services. A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever 2. _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.A. What B. That C. This D. Which 3. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 4It worried her
12、a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. while B. that C. if D. for 5. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth，_ our astronauts desire to do is to walk in spaceAwhere Bwhat Cthat Dhow6. Professor James will give us a lecture on the western culture, but when and where _yet.A. hasnt been decided
13、 B. havent decided C. isn t being decided D. arent decided 7. _ surprised us very much that Tom shouldnt have left without a word.A. He B. It C. This D. That8_ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A. What B. That C. Why D. Whether9. Each boy and each girl _ to take part in the evening
14、 party.A. wishes B. wish C. is like D. like10. Its the ability to do the job _ matters not where you come from or what you are.A. one B. that C. what D. it11. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What12. _ we can t get seems better than _ we ha
15、ve.A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what13. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which14. To know and enjoy the stars _ no specialized knowledge.A. require B. requires C. has required D. is requiring15. One and a half _ ; when will he put
16、 the lengthy speaking to an end?A. hour has passed B. hours have passedC. hour have passed D. hours has passed 答案解析：1. A题干中的主语从句特指 “使得这家商店与众不同的事物 ”， 而且没有强调“使得这家商店与众不同的任何事物”之意， 应选用 what 引导主语从句。2. B陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句， 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分， 有这样用法的引导词只能是 that。3. B下划线处的引导词之后接了一个完整的陈述句， 且表示“是否”的意
17、思， 应选用引导词whether， 注意 if 不能用于引导主语从句。4. B形式主语 it 指代 that 引导的主语从句， 引导词 that 本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分 。5. B. 本题考查主语从句。首先排除 C，因为主语从句中缺成分， that 是不充当成分的；其次排除 A、D 因为 where 与 how 在从句中只能充当状语成分，而本句中缺 do 的宾语；what 引导的是主语从句，并在主语从句中充当及物动词 do 的宾语。6. A句子的主语是 when and where to give the lecture 被看作是一个整体，所以谓语动词用单数。7. Bit 作形
18、式主语指代后面的 that 从句。8. Awhat 引导主语从句，且 what 在从句中作 said 的宾语，而 that 不作成分所以不选 B。9. A主语有 each 修饰时，谓语动词用单数。10. B此处是一强调句型，被强调部分 the ability to do the job。11. Bas 引导的非限制性定语从句，指代后面的整句话。12. A句意是：我们不能得到的好像要比已经拥有的好的多。13. Awhat 引导主语从句，且在从句中作 matter 的主语。14. B不定式短语被看作是同一概念，所以谓语动词用单数。15. D时间名词做主语被看作是一整体，所以用单数。谓语撰稿：宁丽娜
19、 责编：陈玉莲谓语动词的基本用法谓语动词是与非谓语动词相对应的概念两者都是动词，但是前者是作谓语成分，后者不能作谓语成分而谓语成分就是用来说明主语的动作或状态的，一般由动词或短语动词承担。动词的分类根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：a. 实义动词: 即行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词两种，一般具有一定的行为或动作的词均为行为动词。b. 系动词: 系动词后常跟形容词、名词、介词短语等作表语， 构成系表结构，除 be外,常见的系动词还有三变(get, turn, become)和五感(look, sound, smell, taste, feel)，还有 keep, stay, rema
20、in 等.c. 助动词: 助动词一般没有意义，它帮助主要动词构成谓语，以表示状态、语气、语态等，有时帮助构成疑问句或否定句。如 do / does, has / have/ had 等d. 情态动词 : 情态动词有一定词义，但不完整，其后常跟动词原形，如 can, could; may, must, need, should, dare.根据其后是否带有宾语，动词可分为：及物动词和不及物动词，缩写形式分别为 vt. 和 vi.。注意：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。 （sing 在此用作不及物动词。 ）Sh
21、e can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。 （sing 作及物动词。 ）根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分为：限定动词和非限定动词，即谓语动词和非谓语动词，共有三种非谓语动词，分别是：动词不定式 、-ing 形式和过去分词。如：She sings very well.她唱得很好。（sing 受主语 she 的限制，故用第三人称单数形式 sings。 ）She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。 （to learn 不受主语 she 的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。动词的时态： 动词的时态是针对于谓语动词而言。常
22、分为以下几种：1、一般时态包括：一般现在时，一般过去式，一般将来时和一般过去将来时一般现在时： a. 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与 sometimes, always, often, every day 等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.b. 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.一般过去式： 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago 等词连用。如：They liv
23、ed in London for ten years before they came to New York.一般将来时： 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 tomorrow, next year 等连用。表示将来的结构有：be going to，will/shall, be to do, be about to do 和一般现在时， 现在进行时等，如：He is going to buy her a birthday cake. （表示按计划打算将要发生的事情）Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.（表示一般将来）N
24、o one is to leave the building without their permission.（表示注定要发生的或已经安排好的）The plane takes off in ten minutes.（表示按计划或时刻表要发生的事情，仅限于少数动词）Im leaving for Shanghai tonight.（表示按计划或准备做某事 ）I was about to go out when the telephone rang. （表示即将要发生某事）一般过去将来时： 表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作，常用于宾语从句中。如：He said he would come,
25、 but he hasnt yet.进行时态包括： 现在进行时，过去进行时和将来进行时现在进行时：表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与 now, at present 等时间状语连用,always, continually 等词用于进行时中，表示一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：I dont really work here, Im just helping out until the new secretary arrives.过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作或当某个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。如：What were you doing this time y
26、esterday?将来进行时：表示将来某时将正在进行的动作。如：At this time tomorrow well be flying over the Atlantic.完成时态包括： 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时现在完成时：主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常与 just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如：Peter has rung me up three times this morning already.过去完成时：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，强调过去的过去。如：The t
27、rain had already left before we arrived.将来完成时：表示将来某时某个动作已经完成或某事已发生，常与介词短语 by 连用。By this summer all the projects will have been completed.被动语态： 动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词 by 引起的短语来表示，被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词 be 的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。如：We often help them. (主动) 我们常帮助
28、他们。They are often helped by us.(被动) 他们常被我们帮助。 主谓一致并列结构作主语谓语用复数主谓一致中的就近原则谓语动词与前面的主语一致谓语需用单数指代意义决定谓语的单复数与后接名词或代词保持一致谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词词组担任。有四个要点，举例归纳如下：1. 动词可分为及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词。1)需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词，及物动词后可跟一个宾语、直接宾语和间接宾语或一个宾语带宾语补足语。例如：直接宾语Children seek independence.The trial raised a number of question
29、s.He has always liked Mr. Philips.He made the shortest speech I have ever heard.A couple were having a drink at a table by the windowHe took photographs of Vita in her summer house直接宾语和间接宾语They gave us a wonderfully warm welcome.Mr Schell wrote a letter the other day to the New York Times. I took ou
30、t the black box and handed it to her. I had lent my apartment to a friend for the weekend.He left the note for he r on the table.一个宾语带宾语补足语Williss jokes made her uneasy.Last year they made him captain of the TeamThe people named the place “Turbo Kutu”.I thought it right to go there without delay.Hav
31、e you found it difficult to speak?2)不需要跟有宾语的动词叫不及物动词。例如：Her whole body ached.Donald was lying on the bed.Bob coughed all night.All the leaves have fallen and winter is coming. 有几个不及物动词后可以跟有与之同形的名词，这叫同源宾语。例如：They are living a peaceful life. (=They are living peacefully.)He died a heroic death . (=He
32、died heroically.)The girl laughed a merry laugh. (=The girl laughed merrily.)He sighed a deep sigh. (=He sighed deeply.)许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词。例如：Gus asked me whether Id like to have dinner with him. I accepted.(vi.)I accepted the invitation. (vt.)He painted every day. (vi.)He paints vivid portraits of
33、 friends and acquaintances. (vt.)He ran as fast as he could. (vi.)She ran a hotel in the centre of the city. (vt.)Father never smoked or drank all his life. (vi.)He drank a good deal of coffee. ( vt.)At last she thanked them and left. (vi.)A11 I know is that Michael and I never left the house. ( vt.
34、)3)连系动词虽具有词汇意义，但需要带有表语才能构成动词谓语。例如：The station seems a very small one.They havent remained loyal to the governmentTheir hall was larger than his whole flat.The task of inspecting it proved to be exciting and interesting.It sounds unnatural to us.My memories of a London childhood are happy ones.His bo
35、dy was the color of bronze.2动词词组或称短语动词，可以扩展或改变动词的意义，它们的构成是： 动词+副词Mary went away for a few days.动词+介词The other day I came across a letter from Brunei written in the last year of his life.动词+副词+ 介词You may have come up against unexpected difficulties.3情态动词与动词连用构成的谓语。例如：I must leave very soon.The rich o
36、ught to pay tuition fees for their children.You may have heard of him.You should not have done so.链接高考： 【考例 1】 （2011天津卷）4.On the next birthday, Ann married for twenty years. A. is B. has been C. will be Dwill have been【答案与解析】 D. 根据句中的时间状语 On the next birthday，可知生日尚未到来，属于将来的事情；又根据时间状语 for twenty year
37、s 是表时间段的状语，用于完成时，综合起来用将来完成时。【考例 2】 （2011北京卷）27. That must have been a long trip.Yeah, it _us a whole week to get there. A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking【答案与解析】C。 must have done 是对过去情况的推测，因此提示时间在过去，用一般过去时。【考例 3】 （2011四川卷）9. All visitors to this village _ with kindness. A. treat B. are trea
38、ted C. are treating D. had been treated 【答案与解析】B。 句中 all visitors 与 treat 之间为被动关系，故排除 A，C ；又因句中无过去的时间因素，故排除 D 项。巩固练习： 1. Thank goodness, youre here! What _ you?Traffic jam.A. keeps B. is keeping C. had kept D. kept2. Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?Of course. What is it?I _ if you could tell
39、 me how to fill out this form.A. had wondered B. was wonderingC. would wonder D. did wonder3. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50 million.A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached4. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day
40、and night to meet the deadline.A. work B. working C. is working D. are working5. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decidedyet.A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider6. She _ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came t
41、o Chongqing for a better job.A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing7. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _?A. did they speak B. were they speakingC. are they speaking D. have they been speaking8. What would you do if it _ tomorrow?We have to carry it on, since we
42、ve got everything ready.A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining9. Did you tell Julia about the result?Oh, no, I forgot. I _ her now.A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call10. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting.A. will leave B. leaves C. will have
43、left D. left答案与解析：1. 选 D。强调过去某一事件发生的事情，句意是：天呢，你终于来了，是什么阻止才来？ 2. 选 B。表示说话之前我正想知道 。3. 选 A。表示到目前为止，数目已经达到 50 million，所以用现在完成时。4. 选 C。着重考查主谓一致，当主语由 along with， as well as, with 等词修饰时，谓语动词仍由前面的主语决定。5. 选 B。根据后面的提示 she hasnt decided yet 可知他一直在考虑，但还没有决定，所以用现在完成进行时。6. 选 C。强调 change 和 came 两个动作几乎是同时发生的。7. 选 C。根据 listen to 可知他们正在谈话。8. 选 B。在条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时，主句则用一般将来时或情态动词。9. 选 B. will 表示一般将来，无计划性。10. 选 D。根据时间状语 by 可知谓语动词用将来完成时。
