1、一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用 who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in
2、 the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that
3、碰巧 (4) it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
4、 (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn
5、t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而 that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a c
6、onsolation.二、定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 （一） 限定性定语从句1. that 即可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果 which 在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词 which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与 which 之间的介词不
7、能丢3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用 that 而不用 which，这些词包括 all, anything, much 等，这时的 that 常被省略 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time“ 一词的定语从句只用when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用 that 引导 By the time you arrive in London, we
8、 will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, a
9、nything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导 （二）非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时， that 有时相当于 in which, at which, for which 或 at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)
10、 attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用 that，而用 who, whom代表人，用 whi
11、ch 代表事物. 定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人，在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yes
12、terday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词 whom在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
13、(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 如果在从句中做宾语,就用 whom 或 who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number
14、 of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door i
15、s broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is ver
16、y famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the
17、famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用which，不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用 whose(1) The man
18、 with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者
19、数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I f
20、irst came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.、2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the re
21、ason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词” 引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I
22、 was born.定语从句与强调句的比较定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及 there be 句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that 即可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语， that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果 which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意
23、介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词 which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与 which 之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用 that 而不用 which，这些词包括 all, anything, much 等，这时的 that 常被省略 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语， whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when 引导定语从句表示时间 注值
24、得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用 when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用 that 引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose 是
25、关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that 有时相当于 in which, at which, for wh
26、ich 或 at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on w
27、hich) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用 that，而用 who, whom 代表人，用 which 代表事物 常考的强调句结构是 it 引导的句子。 It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。 It is from the sun that we get light and heat. It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true sta
28、te of affairs. 典型例题 1） It was last night _ I see the comet. A. the time B. when C. that D. which 答案 C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that 和 who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 “who“，其余用 that。 原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调主语： It was my father who did th
29、e experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. 强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用 when) 强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 2）It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as 答案 C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为 A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉 It be that 还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 It isthat，只剩下 ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 It is /was +时间+ since 其中 is has been was had been.
