1、Unit1阳离子 cation阴离子 anion离子键 ionic bonds共价键 covalent bonds碱金属卤化物 halide salts of alkali metals波函数 wave function电子排布 electron configuration成对电子 the pairing of electrons/paired electrons电导 conductivity配位数 coordination numbercohesive force 内聚力isotropic 各向同性vice versa 反之亦然quantum mechanics 量子力学hybridizat
2、ion of the atomic orbitals 原子轨道杂化layer structure 层状结构The simple valence theory is based on the idea that atoms with a small number of electron in their last shell readily lose these electrons to atoms whose last shell is almost complete简单化合价理论基于这样一种思想，即最外层只有少量电子的原子很容易丢失电子给那些最外层几乎排满的原子。The classifica
3、tion of bonds into types is not absolute and, in readily, bonds with mixed character occur, such as ionic-covalent, ionic-metallic and covalent-metallic bonds(in semiconductors)化学键的分类并不是绝对的，实际上，存在着诸如离子共价键，离子金属键和共价金属键（半导体中）这样的混合键。Unit3缺陷化学 defect chemistry化学方程式 chemical equation净化工艺 purification proc
4、edures缔合缺陷 associated defects电子空穴 electron holes亚原子粒子 subatomic particle有效电荷 effective charge一价阴离子 monovalent anion二价阳离子 divalent cationpoint defects 点缺陷chemical formulate 化学公式commence with 从开始charged interstitial site 带电荷填隙位置host lattice 主晶格non-metal 非金属effectively neutral charge 有效中性电荷vacancy pair
5、 空对穴One departure from ideality involves the motion of an atom from a normal site to an interstitial position. This type of disorder, which results in equal concentrations of vacant lattice sites and interstitial atoms, is called Frenkel disorder. 对理想状态的偏离包括这样一种情况：一个原子从正常格点运动到填隙位置。这种缺陷导致点阵空位与填隙原子的浓度
6、相同，被称为弗伦克尔缺陷。In FeO, for example, it is possible to have Fe3+ ions in addition to the normal Fe2+ ions. In this case, the Fe3+ ions are indicated as FeFe.例如，在 FeO 中，用 Fe3+替代本来的 Fe2+是可行的。这种情况下，Fe3+被表示为 FeFe.Unit4胶体 colloid界面 interface表面 surface超出现有实验技术可达 beyond the reach of existent experimental tech
7、niques物理强度 physical strengths学科 discipline落后于 lag behind独特的性质 unique nature许多争论 a great of controversy区分 distinguish根据 according to真溶液 true solution悬浮液 suspension乳浊液 emulsion表面活性剂 surfactant稳定剂 stabilizer电泳沉积 electrophoretic deposition细胞膜 cell membrane污水处理 sewage and wastewater treatmentworld of neg
8、lected dimension 被忽视的世界take hold on 进行improve on 提高experimental and analytical technique 实验和分析技术agreement between theory and experiment 理论和实验一致性accessible reference 参考文献physiological activity 生理活动lubrication 润滑油rheological property 流变特性polymerization 聚合作用mineral ore separation by flotation 通过浮选分离矿石I
9、t is desirable to understand the structure, composition, and properties of the boundaries of a solid and the interface between phases, for they have a strong influence on many mechanical properties, chemical phenomena, and electrical properties.理解固体边界以及相之间界面的结构、组成和性质是很有必要的，因为它们对许多机械性质、化学现象和电学性质有着十分重
10、要的影响。The composition and structures of surfaces depend a great deal on the condition of formation and subsequently treatment. For example, it is found that freshly fractured oxide surfaces have high chemical reactivity compared with the same surfaces after they are allowed to stand in the air or are
11、 heated at high temperatures.表面的组成和结构在很大程度上依赖于形成的条件和随后的处理。例如，我们发现氧化物表面刚形成的断口比相同的暴露在空气或高温加热后的表面有更高的化学活性。Unit5熔点 melting point能量起伏 energy fluctuations自扩散 self-diffusion空位机理 vacancy mechanism阳离子亚晶格 cationic sub-lattice熔点的一半 half of the melting point间隙扩散 interstitial energy活化能 activation energy一级近似 firs
12、t approximation正比于 proportional to绝对温度 absolute temperature平衡条件 equilibrium condition相邻间隙位 adjacent interstitial positionsaverage amplitude 平均幅度momentum 动量thermal activated jump 热激发的跃迁lattice point 晶格结点anionic vacancy 阴离子空位ring mechanism 环形机理interstitial mechanism with displacement 位移填隙机理high diffus
13、ivity path 高扩散通道repulsive force 排斥力energy barrier 能垒equilibrium position 平衡位置When an atom moves from one lattice site to another by a diffusion jump, there is an intermediate position of high energy. Only a certain fraction of the atoms present in the lattice have sufficient energy to overcome this
14、energy barrier to moving from one site to another. As the temperature is increased, the fraction of atoms present which have sufficient energy to surmount this barrier increases exponentially, so that the temperature dependence of diffusion can be represented as D=Do exp(-G*/RT) .当一个原子通过扩散跳跃从一个格点移动到
15、另一格点时，存在一个高能中间位置，只有一部分在晶格中的原子有足够的能量来克服这种能量壁垒，从一个位置移到另一个位置。当温度上升，有足够能量跃过能量壁垒的原子数量呈指数增长，因此扩散与温度的关系可以表示为 D=Do exp(-G*/RT)Unit8介电常数、介电强度、介电损耗 dielectric constant、dielectric strength、dielectric losses钛酸钡陶瓷电容器 barium titanate ceramic capacitor快离子导体和固体电解质 fast ion conductors or solid electrolytes离子导体的导电率随温
16、度上升而增加 the conductivity of ionic conductors increase rapidly with an increase in temperature 压敏电阻和热敏电阻 varistor and thermistoradvanced ceramic electrical insulator materials suitable for more exotic applications 先进陶瓷电绝缘体材料适合更多奇特的应用smooth substrates for thick firm and thin film deposition of circuitr
17、y 电路厚膜和薄膜沉积电路的光滑基片the material placed between the plates of a capacitor to serve as the charge storage medium 放置在电容板之间的材料作为存储电荷的介质tiny chip capacitors with ceramic-metal sandwich structure 有陶瓷- 金属三明治的结构的微芯片电容器a positive temperature coefficient of resistance 电阻的正温度系数Many ceramic materials are electri
18、cal insulators and, consequently ceramics have been used for years for dc and low-frequency ac electrical insulator shapes ranging from large, high-voltage suspension for power transmission lines to simple, low-voltage shapes for lamp and switch bases.许多陶瓷材料是电绝缘体，因此多年来陶瓷被用作直流和低频交流绝缘装置的形体，从用于输电线的大型高压
19、悬式绝缘器到用于点灯和开关基座的简单低压形体。 ？Multilayer substrates are made by thick-firm printing of circuitry onto unfired ceramic tapes using metal inks , then stacking and laminating the green tapes together to form a sandwich structure ,and then “cofiring ”the ceramic and metal inks to form a single multilayer sub
20、strate. 多层基板制造工艺如下：将厚膜印刷电路制造在未经金属油墨烧结的陶瓷带上，然后堆叠和层压起来，形成三明治结构，将陶瓷和金属油墨共烧以形成一个单一多层基板。In addition to high dielectric constant a capacitor dielectric should have high dielectric strength and low dielectric losses and should exhibit minimal variations in these properties with temperature or voltage chang
21、es.除了高介电常数，一个电容器还应该有高介电强度，和低介电损耗并且随着温度或电压的变化，电容器的这些性质应该表现出极大的稳定性。 （抑或只表现出极小的变化）Generally, the conductivity of ionic conductors increases rapidly with an increase in temperature, so they are almost always utilized at temperature , above room temperature ,and sometimes at quite high temperatures.一般而言，
22、离子导体的导电率随着温度上升而迅速增加，所以它们常使用在高于室温的温度下，有时也被用于超高温条件下。 Unit9折射率和色散 index of refraction and dispersion晶体的光学上的各向同性 optically isotropic crystal电光效应和磁光效应 electro-optic effect and magneto-optical effect无夹杂物的低吸收玻璃 low absorption glass without （be free from ）inclusions根据施加的电场改变材料的光学特性 change the optical charac
23、teristics of the material with an applied electric field transparency, translucency, opacity 透明度，半透明，不透光的transmission of light beams 光束的传送a beam of light oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam 一束垂直于光传播方向的振动a central core of glass with low index of refraction surrounded b
24、y a cladding of higher-index glass一个有低折射率玻璃的核，被高折射玻璃包围to eliminate light-scattering pores and inclusions 为了消除散射光的孔隙和杂质Wide band-gap materials, such as ceramics insulator materials, are inherently transparent to light in the range of wavelengths near to or including the visible range, provided that t
25、hey do not contain internal inhomogeneities which serve as scattering sites and which will reduce the transparency to translucency or even opacity. Consequently, ceramic single crystals ,pore-free glasses and even pore-free single phase polycrystalline ceramics can be utilized for photonic applicati
26、ons requiring transmission of light beams.宽带隙材料，如陶瓷绝缘体，对于可见光附近或包括可见光区波长范围的光具有固定的透明性，如果这些材料不含有会作为散射中心，且将透明性降至半透明性甚至不透明的内在非均匀性。因此，陶瓷单晶，无孔玻璃，无孔单相多晶陶瓷可用于需要光束传播的光学应用。The electromagnetic waves that constitute a beam of light oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam. Under normal
27、 conditions , the oscillations are randomly oriented around the direction of propagation .However ,some materials are able to modify the passing light beam so that only certain oscillation directions occur. This is called polarization , and many important applications of light require or take advant
28、age of the polarization phenomenon. For example ,if a light beam of a given polarization is incident on a material that will only transmit light of a different polarization ,then that material will effectively block the passage of the beam.电磁波在垂直于光线传播的方向上振动形成光线。通常情况下，振动沿光传播方向是随机取向的。然而，一些材料使得光改变路径以至于
29、只会发生某一个方向上的振动。这种现象称为偏振，许多重要光学应用利用偏振现象。例如，一束给定的偏振光入射在材料上，这种材料却只能传递另一种偏振光，于是该材料就会有效地阻止这束光通过。Unit10high chemical inertness and long-term biomaterial 高化学惰性和长寿命的期望load-bearing bioglass 有载荷的生物玻璃resorbable or non-resorbable biomaterial 可重新吸收和不可重新吸收的生物材料the reconstructed natural tissue 可再生自然组织a chemical bon
30、d between the collagen of the eardrum and the bioglass 一个在耳膜骨胶和生物玻璃之间的化学键羟基磷灰石和磷酸钙陶瓷 hydroxy apatite, calcium phosphates ceramics 生物惰性、可吸收性和生物活性材料 bio-inert ,resorbable and bioactive materials 在金属植入体上的生物活性涂层 bioactive coating on metallic implants生物惰性的四方氧化锆多晶体 bio-inert tetragonal zirconia polycrysta
31、ls优异的抗降解性能 excellent resistance to degradation of propertiesThe materials that are used in medicine, i. e. as surgical implants, include metals, plastics, textiles, rubber and ceramics. Biomaterials in general can be defined as: (1) materials for long-term implantation in human tissue, such as arter
32、ial and dental prostheses, prostheses of organs (heart, blood vessels), and artificial joints (hip, knee) ; (2)products for prolonged contact with vessels and tissue or bone; (3) products for short-term contract with tissue or bone such as probes or instruments for tests and inspection;(4)materials
33、for obtaining and storing blood and blood plasmas; (5)products used as instruments and tools during surgery.用于医学方面的材料，比如外科植入物等，包括了金属、塑料、纺织品，橡胶和陶瓷。生物材料通常被定义为：（1）人体组织中长期植入的材料，例如动脉和牙科修复体，器官假体（心脏、血液）和人造关节（胳膊、膝盖） （2）深入接触血管、组织或骨骼的产品（3）短期内与组织或骨骼接触的产品，例如探针或用于测试检查的仪器（4）获得和存储血液及血浆的材料（5）外科手术中用作仪器或工具的产品。Unit11抗
34、氧化 resistant to oxidation热等静压的氮化硅 hot isostatically pressed silicon nitride 在晶格中由氧取代氮 substitution of nitrogen with oxygen in the crystal lattice断裂韧性 fracture toughness晶须-基材界面 the whisker-matrix interfacetetrahedra joined together by sharing corners 由共享角连接在起来的四面体good thermal shock resistance 好抗热震性能h
35、igh Youngs modulus of the structural ceramics 高杨氏模量的结构陶瓷impeding crack propagation through the whiskers 通过晶须阻止裂纹扩展whisker-reinforced ceramics 晶须增韧陶瓷Compared with metals, ceramics are generally more resistant to oxidation, corrosion, creep and wear in addition to being better thermal insulators.和金属相比
36、，陶瓷除了有更好的热绝缘性，一般而言也具有更强的抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性，耐蠕变性和耐磨性。Although ceramics offer improvements in engine efficiency, incorporation of silicon nitride over the past three decades has been slow, mainly because of the difficulty in reproducible fabrication of dense components to close dimensional tolerances.尽管陶瓷在工程能效
37、上有很大改善，过去 30 年来氮化硅的引入还是很慢，主要因为在高密度部件的可再生制造方面存在困难，这种部件是用来减小尺寸误差的。Silicon nitride occurs in two phases, the and forms. The form consists of SiN4 tetrahedra joined together by sharing corners in a three-dimensional network. It is possible to replace silicon by aluminum and maintain charge neutrality in
38、 the crystal lattice by substitution of nitrogen with oxygen.氮化硅以 相和 相两种形式出现。 相由在三维网格中共享键角的氮化硅四面体组成。用铝代替硅并且通过用氧代替氮来保持晶格的电中性是可行的。Aluminum titanate, for example, with its extremely low thermal expansion coefficient, develops outstanding thermal shock resistance. Aluminum titanate is used as port liner
39、s in some automobile engines because its low thermal conductivity (2Wm-1K-1)reduces heat flow to the cylinder block and hence the amount of cooling required.例如钛酸铝，以其极低的热膨胀系数而开发出优秀的抗热震性。钛酸铝在一些汽车发动机内被用作衬套，由于其导热系数低(2Wm-1K-1)减少汽缸热量流动，因此减少散热量的要求。The high Youngs modulus (550 GPa )of titanium diboride, TiB
40、2,makes it useful for armour plating whereas ceramics are suitable materials in seals because of their chemical resistance.二硼化钛的杨氏模量(550 GPa )使得它作为装甲钢板十分有用，而陶瓷因为其耐化学性适用于作封装材料。However, the bonding forces between the whiskers and matrix should be kept low enough to ensure that dynamic stress will only
41、 pull the whiskers out of the matrix instead of tearing them apart.然而，晶须和基体之间的结合力应保持足够低，以确保动态应力只会把晶须从基体中拉出来，而不是将其撕裂开。序言：In metals, dislocations provide the microscopic mechanism that carries energy away from the tip of a crack, thereby blunting it. In ceramics, the use of phase transformations induc
42、ed at the tip of a propagating crack is one analog of dislocations in metals. Other schemes involve the use of bridging elements across cracks so as to inhibit their opening and hence their propagation. Still another scheme is to use the frictional dissipation of a sliding fiber embedded in a matrix
43、 not only to dissipate the energy of crack propagation, but also, if the crack propagates through the material, to provide structural integrity.金属中的位错提供了一种将能量从裂缝端口传开以使其钝化的微观机制。在陶瓷中，对发生在扩展裂缝断口的相变的使用是一种对金属中位错的模拟。另一种方案涉及桥接跨越裂缝的元素以抑制裂缝进一步扩张。还有一种方案是利用嵌在基体中的滑移纤维的摩擦损耗，这样不仅可以消耗裂缝扩展的能量，而且当裂缝横跨整个材料时，可以提供结构上的完
44、整。 ？Polymers are a remarkably flexible class of materials, whose chemical and physical properties can be modified by molecular design. By substitution of atoms, by adding side groups, or by combining (blending) different polymers, chemists have created a myriad of materials with remarkable, wide ran
45、ging, and useful properties. This research is largely driven by the potential applications of these materials in many diverse areas, ranging from cosmetics to electronics.聚合物是一类非常灵活的材料，其化学和物理性质可以通过分子设计来修改。通过替代原子、添加侧基或混合不同的聚合物，化学家们创造了一系列可观的、运用广泛且性质有用的材料。本研究主要关注这些材料在许多不同领域 从化妆品到电子设备的潜在应用。Ferroelectric
46、s have become important for use as capacitors and actuators, which are needed in modern robotics applications, as are also piezoelectric materials, which are critical to the operation of scanning tunneling probes that provide information at the atomic level on structure, stoichiometry, and electroni
47、c structure. The technological development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), based on silicon and other materials, is making possible the use of miniature motors and actuators at the micrometer level of integrated circuits. Some of these have already found applications, such as the triggerin
48、g mechanism for the release of airbags in automobiles. Such developments are not only important to the electronics industry, but are also having great impact on fields such as astronomy and space science, which are dependent on small, light-weight instruments with enhanced capabilities to gather sig
49、nals at ever increasing data rates and from ever increasing distances from Earth. The developments in new materials and low-dimensional fabrication techniques have recently rejuvenated the field of thermoelectricity, where there is now renewed hope for enhanced thermoelectric performance over a wider temperature range.铁电体作为电容器和驱动器的使用已变得十分重要，现代机器人技术需要它们，而压电材料也是如此，它们对于扫描隧道探针而言是至关重要的，扫描隧道探针可提供原子尺度上关于结构 化学计量的电子结构的信息。微机电系统的发展基于硅和其他材料，这使得微米级别的集成电路上的微型马达和驱动器成为可能。其中一些已经有所应用，比如汽车中安全气囊释放的触发机制。这样的发展不仅对电子产业是很重要的，对天文学及空间科学也有很大的影响，它们都依赖于小型、轻质的设备，而这些设备要求在与地球日益拉长的距离上收集日益增多的数据信号。新型材料和低维
