1、长难句结构分析,主语宾语 np1 主谓语动词 n+1 先主干后修饰 np1 V np1S=np1 of np2 on np3 that v1 o1 V O=np1 of np2 that v1 o1, which v2o2. 先主句后从句 Although SVO,SVO.,长名词短语（LNP）,NP1 of NP2 on NP3 in NP4NP1 of NP2 of why S V ONP1 of NP2, done by, to NP3NP1s NP2 to NP3 about NP4His NP1 of NP2 over NP3抓住第一实义名词,LNP: p54.29,Between
2、the early 1870s and the 1890s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets.,LNP: p89.5,A critique of the Handlins interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests
3、 that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.,LNP: p128.4,But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other
4、 phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear.,LNP: p128.11,The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a br
5、ief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum).,一个逻辑层次: SVO,一层修饰: S(that)VO(that)S V O,NP/adj./as NP, adv. same as Sv-ed, v-ing to v. such asthat/which/who by v-ing ,NP that, # S=that SVO; O=that SVO.,S(that) V O(that): p72.19,The ease with which a fish can reve
6、rse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer.,S(that) V O(that): p54.16,The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American fronti
7、er helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.,S(that) V O(that): p89.28,Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America such
8、 as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America.,S(that) V O(that): p74.8,My point is that its central consciousness its profound understanding of
9、 class and gender as shaping influences on peoples lives owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.,S(that) V O(that): p36.23,Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates
10、by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.,多层修饰：递归原则,S (that (that) V O (that (that (that). 1 3 Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which orig
11、inates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. (p105.34),S (that) V O (that (that): p36.11,Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (
12、net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.,S (that) V O (that (that): p80.1,In the early 1950s, historians who studied preindustrial
13、Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bish
14、ops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.,S (that) V O (that (that): p94.17,All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel instit
15、utions.,SVO; SVO,两个逻辑层次：并列与对比If / When / Because SVO, SVO. SVO: SVO; SVO; and SVO. Although SVO, SVO. S less VO than VO. SVO; however SVO.,SVO(that); S(that)VO(that): p76.7,In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods involvement in human actions, and to the ext
16、ent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler scheme of divine justice.,SVO(that); S(that)VO(that): p168.3,According to Arrom, households headed by females and instances of women working outside the home were muc
17、h more common than scholars have estimated; efforts by the Mexican government to encourage female education resulted in increased female literacy; and influential male writers wrote pieces advocating education, employment, and increased family responsibilities for women, while deploring womens polit
18、ical and marital inequality.,SVO(that); S(that)VO(that): p94.9,Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later part
19、s of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.,多层修饰+多个逻辑,SVO(that(that); S(that)VO(that(that). SVO(that); SVO(that); SVO(that(that).先主干后修饰；先主句后从句 S, NP that, V, O that (which) and that ; SVO that, while v-ing that, without
20、v-ing, v-edwhich., with NP that VO; however, S, which, V to V, O that is less than O whose because SVO such as NP, NP, and NP.,SVO(that(that); S(that)VO(that(that).,Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an exam
21、ination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (p94.13),SVO(that(that); S(that)VO(that(tha
22、t).,With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. (p175.13),
