1、信息检索与文献阅读 （化学0701-0702）,2009年09月24日,第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时） 第二部分 英文阅读材料（12学时） 第三部分 信息检索（16学时）,第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学 第二章 原子、分子和离子 第三章 气态 第四章 热化学 第五章 有机化合物和基团的命名 第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语,第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）,第二部分 英文阅读材料（12学时）,第一章 松香酸度的标准测试方法 第二章 族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成 第三章 分子离子材料的计算机模拟 第四章 透射Laue法的X射线
2、衍射 第五章 销售合同 第六章 专利说明书,第三部分 信息检索（16学时）,第一章 信息检索基础 第二章 超星图书馆 第三章 中国期刊网 第四章 维普 第五章 工程索引（Ei）第六章 美国化学文摘（CA） 第七章 专利,教材和参考书：1、魏高原， 化学专业基础英语知识（I）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English）， 北京大学出版社，2004。 2、 Reading Materials (自编讲义) 。 3、 陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。 4、 万锡仁， Information Retrieval and Related Re
3、ading Materials，（待出版）。 5、 美 Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注释， 化学专业基础英语（II）， 北京大学出版社，2001。,Chapter 4 Thermochemistry,第四章 热化学,课堂教学内容安排,第一节课 教学要求说明 词汇预习 课文阅读理解,第二节课 课文阅读理解（续） 布置课后作业 视频英语 课堂书面练习,一、教学要求 掌握：系统、能量、势能、动能等基本概念、定义；有关专业英语词汇。 熟悉：热力学及热力学第一定律的内容和应用。 了解：一些常用的标准焓变（如标准生成焓、标准燃烧焓等）的概念。,二、 词汇（New Words and Express
4、ions）,thermochemistry 热化学 energy 能量 chemical reaction化学反应 chemical bond化学键 thermodynamics 热力学 transformation 转变 system 体系 surrounding 环境 exothermic 放出热量的 endothermic 吸热(性)的,internal energy 内能 phase change相变 energy, heat, and work 能量，热和功 first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 law of conservation of ener
5、gy 能量守恒定律 E = Q+W mathematically 数学（上）地 enthalpy (H = E + pV) 焓 doof work on 对做功 heat of reaction 反应热,enthalpy change焓变 atmospheric大气的,大气压的 released (amount of heat)释放(热量) absorbed吸收的 balanced equation平衡的方程 standard state标准态 standard enthalpy change标准焓变 heat of formation生成热 heat of combustion 燃烧热,mo
6、st stable 最稳定的 reverse reaction 逆反应 proportionately 正比地 thermochemical equation 热化学方程 manipulate 操作, 使用 algebraically 代数学上(地) change of state 状态变化 melting 熔化 freezing 凝固 evaporation 蒸发 condensation冷凝,Fusion 熔化 vaporization 蒸发，汽化solid liquid gascrystallization 结晶 condensation 冷凝sublimation升华 solid 固体
7、 gas 气体deposition 沉积,measuring heat 量热 heat capacity 热容 specific heat 比热 molar heat capacity 摩尔热容 calorimetry 量热法 calorimeter 量热计 dissolution (dissolve)溶解,三、课文的阅读理解,学生阅读课文510分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。,6. 1 Energy (能量) Energy in Chemical Reactions ( 化学反应中的能量),All chemical reactions are accompanie
8、d by energy changes. In general, breaking chemical bonds requires energy and the formation of chemical bonds releases energy.,In thermodynamics - the study of energy transformations - we define the area of study as the system and consider the rest of the universe to be the surroundings.,(A system in
9、 chemistry is usually the substances undergoing a physical or chemical change. ) Heat is the energy transferred between objects that differ in temperature;,it represents the random kinetic energy (energy of motion) of atoms and molecules. Any process that releases heat from a system to its surroundi
10、ngs is exothermic放出热量的; any process in which a system absorbs heat from its surroundings is endothermic吸热(性)的,.,3. Internal Energy ( 内能),All of the energy contained by a chemical system is classified as分类为internal energy. An increase in internal energy can have three consequences:,It can raise the t
11、emperature, it can cause a phase change, or (if it is sufficient to break chemical bonds, allowing new ones to form) it can produce a chemical reaction. The internal energy change of a system is symbolized by E.,4. Energy, Heat, and Work ( 能量，热和功),The first law of thermodynamics, known as the law of
12、 conservation of energy, states that the energy of the universe（总体） is constant. Thus any energy lost by a system must be transferred to its surroundings, and vice versa.,The entire energy change must be accounted for by heat and/or work. Mathematically, E = Q+W. Work is preformed when a force moves
13、 an object over a distance. For a gas expanding against constant pressure, the work, W, is equal to -pV.,At constant volume, the flow of heat in a chemical change is equal to the change in internal energy: E=Qv. Enthalpy焓, H, is a thermodynamic property of a system defined by the formula H = E + pV.
14、,The change in enthalpy in a process at constant pressure is equal to the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings: H = Qp. H has units of energy.,e.g. 1 In a single process, a system does 125 J of work on its surroundings while 75 J of heat is added to the system. What is the internal energy
15、change for the system?W = -125 J, Q = 75 J,E = Q+W= 75 J + (-125 J) = -50 J,e.g. 2 For each of the following chemical and physical changes at constant pressure, is work done by the system (the substances undergoing the change) on the surroundings, or by the surroundings on the system, or is the amou
16、nt of work negligible?,(a) Sn (s) + 2F2(g) SnF4(s)V0,(b) AgNO3(aq)+NaC1 (aq) AgC1 (s) + NaNO3(aq)negligible (no gases),(c) C (s) + O2(g) CO2(g)V= 0, negligible(d) SiI4(g) Si (s) + 2I2(g)V 0, W 0,6.2 Heats of Reaction and Other Enthalpy Changes(反应热和其它焓变) 1. Heats of Reaction （反应热）,Many chemical react
17、ions are carried out at constant pressure (usually atmospheric). Under these conditions, the heat of reaction-the amount of heat released or absorbed from the start of the process to the time when the system has returned to its original temperature - is equal to the enthalpy change, H.,A thermochemi
18、cal equation is one that includes H for the balanced equation as written. For exothermic processes, H is negative; for endothermic processes, H is positive.,2. Standard State and Standard Enthalpy Changes, Heats of Formation, and Heats of Combustion ( 标准状态和标准焓变，生成热和燃烧热),The standard state of any sus
19、bstance is the physical state in which it is most stable at 1 atm and a specified temperature (usually 298 K). Enthalpy changes for chemical reactions of substances in their standard states are known as standard enthalpy changes (H).,The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound, Hf is the heat o
20、f formation of one mole by combination of its elements in their standard states at a specified temperature. The standard enthalpy of combustion, Hc is the heat for the reaction of one mole of a substance in its standard state with oxygen.,e.g. 1 In their standard states at 25, calcium is a solid (m.
21、 p. 25), CH3(CH2)6CH3 （octane) is a liquid (m. p. 25), and GeH4 is a gas (b. p. 25).,3. Finding Enthalpy Changes and Heats of Reaction from Standard Heats of Formation ( 由标准生成热导出焓变和反应热),The enthalpy change, H, for a reaction is equal in magnitude to H, for the reverse reaction but opposite in sign.
22、If the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction are changed, H for that reaction changes proportionately.,For any chemical reaction, H has the same value whether the reaction takes place in one step or in several steps (Hess law). This means that thermochemical equations can be manipulated
23、 and combined algebraically to find unknown enthalpy changes from known ones (e.g. H= Hf products- Hf of reactants).,e. g. 3 How much heat will be released in the following reaction:2Al(s)+Cr2O3(s) Al2O3(s)+2Cr(s) H = -536 kJ (under standard state conditions at 298K) of 10.0 g of aluminum with 25.0
24、g of Cr2O3?,e.g. 4 Combine the following thermochemical equations N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) H = 57.20 kJ 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) H = -114.14 kJ to find the heat of reaction for2NO (g) + O2(g) N2O4(g).,4. Heats of Changes of State ( 状态变化的热量),The enthalpy for a change of state is the amount of heat absorbed
25、 or released at constant pressure and without any change in temperature, for example, in melting or freezing, evaporation or condensation.,6.3 Measuring Heat (量热) 1. Heat Capacity ( 热容),The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a given amount of the su
26、bstance by 1 K. The amount of the substance may be 1 mol (molar heat capacity, Cp) or 1 g (specific heat).,e.g. 1 How much is needed to raise the temperature of 21 g of aluminium from 25 to 161 (no phase changes occur)? The specific heat of aluminum is 0. 902 J/(K.g).T = (273+161) K - (273+25) K = 1
27、36 K Q = (mass) (specific heat) T = (21 g) 0. 902 J / (K.g) (136 K) = 2600 J,2. Calorimetry (2.量热法)A calorimeter is used for measuring the heat flow during a thermochemical process. The heat of the process is found from the change in temperature of the calorimeter and its contents, T, and the heat c
28、apacity of the calorimeter (which must be experimentally determined).,e.g. 1 A calorimeter with a Cp of 60 J/K was used to find the heat flow associated with the dissolution溶解of 24 g of NaC1 in 176 g of water. The observed T was -1. 6 K. The specific heat of the resulting NaCl solution is 3.64 J/(K.
29、g). What is the heat flow for this process?,四、课后作业,1Translate the technical terms inthe text into Chinese by referringto relevant dictionaries. 201，03，08，09 (page 44-45). 3Translate this text into Chinese.,Exercises,01 For each of the following chemical and physical changes carried out at constant p
30、ressure, decide whether work is done by the system (the substances undergoing the change) on the surroundings or by the surroundings on the system or whether the amount of work is negligible.(a) C6H6(l) C6H6(s)(b) (1/2)N2(g) + (3/2)H2(g) NH3(g)(c) 3H2S(g) + 2HNO3(g) 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) + 3S (s),03 The
31、following processes were studied at 25. (a) CaSO4.5H2O (s) CaSO4(s) + 5H2O (g) (b) 2NH3(g)+H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) Assuming molar quantities of reactants and products, the work that the system exchanges with its surroundings in each case can be calculated using W = RT (sum of n of gaseous products-s
32、um of n of gaseous reactants). Calculate the work for each of the reactions assuming a constant external pressure of 1.00 atm.,08 (a) A student heated a sample of a metal weighing 32.6 g to 99.83 and put it into 100. 0 g of water at 23.62 in a calorimeter. The final temperature was 24.41. The studen
33、t calculated the specific heat of the metal, neglecting to use the heat capacity of the calorimeter. The specific heat is 4. 184 J/K g for H2O. What was his answer?The metal was known to be either Cr, Mo, or W and by comparing the value of the specific heat to those of the metals Cr, 0. 460; Mo, 0.
34、250; W, 0.135 J/(K.g), the student identified the metal. What was the metal?(b) A student at the next laboratory bench did the same experiment, got the same data, and used the heat capacity of the calorimeter in his calculations. The heat capacity of the calorimeter was 410 J/K. Was his identificati
35、on of the metal different?,09 The heat of formation of HC1 (g) is -92. 307 kJ/mol at 25. The value of Hf at 500 K can be found by: (a) calculating the enthalpy change for cooling 1/2 mol of H2(g) and 1/2 mol of Cl2(g) from 500 K to 298 K. (b) adding the heat of reaction at 298 K to the answer to par
36、t (a). (c) adding the enthalpy change for heating one mole of HC1 (g) from 298 K to 500 K to the result of part (b). 1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g) HCl (g)Ha Hc 1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g) HCl (g),Find Hf 500 K, given the heat capacities of 33. 907 J/(K.mol) for Cl2(g), 29. 12 J/(K.mol) for HC1 (g), and 28. 824 J/(K
37、.mol) for H2(g). Is the reaction more or less exothermic at 500 K than at 298 K?,预习内容：,复习内容： 1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇； 2、本课文的全文翻译。,Chapter 5 Nomenclature for organic compounds and groups,五、视频英语,六、课堂练习,Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes.
38、 At the present time there are 106 known elements. Element 106 is man-made and as yet unnamed. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminium, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are building blacks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building b
39、locks for numbers. To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise the entire universe.,将下列词汇翻译成英文（以课文为准),沼泽地 生锈 好奇心 刺激, 疼痛 腐烂的 许多的,大量的 混合物 定量的,积聚, 堆积物理性质 有效数字仪器分析天平 随机误差精密度,系统误差精确性含糊不清的小数点算术, 算法把四舍五入科学记数法,米制 学科大气压量纲法转换因子推断 原子和元素（单质）缩写,碳、氮、硅、氯、氧、溴、氢、铜 铁、硫、钾
40、、钠、金,原子核 质子 中子 足球场 大理石,石子原子序数 质量数纯净物,同位数均匀的 溶液混合 非均匀的 显微镜溶质转变,将下列词汇翻译成英文（以课文为准）,热化学 能量 化学反应 化学键热力学转变体系环境 放出热量的吸热(性)的,内能 相变 能量，热和功 热力学第一定律 能量守恒定律 数学（上）地焓对做功 反应热,焓变 大气的,大气压的 释放(热量) 吸收的 平衡的方程 标准态 标准焓变 生成热 燃烧热,最稳定的 逆反应 正比地 热化学方程 操作, 使用 代数学上(地) 状态变化 熔化 凝固 蒸发 冷凝,熔化 蒸发，汽化solid liquid gas结晶 冷凝升华 solid 固体 gas 气体沉积,量热 热容比热摩尔热容量热法量热计溶解（名词）,
