1、UNIT 2 Petroleum Industry,Section 1 Starting-out,Task 1 Concept Recognition,Task 2 Topic Discussion,Activity 3 Viewing & Listening,Please figure out the key majors in our university with the three subdivisions of oil industry: upstream, midstream, and downstream.,Section 1 Starting-out,Upstream: Sch
2、ool of Geosciences 地学院：Resources Prospecting Engineering 资源Prospecting Technology & Engineering 勘查Surveying & Mapping Engineering 测绘Geology 地质School of Petroleum Engineering 石油工程学院：Petroleum Engineering 石工Watercraft and Marine Engineering 海工,Section 1 Starting-out,Midstream: College of Storage & Tra
3、nsportation and Architectural Engineering 储运与建筑工程学院:Oil and Gas Transportation and Storage Engineering储运Downstream:College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering化学化工学院：Chemical Engineering and Processing化工Applied Chemistry 应化,Section 1 Starting-out,2. Describe the influence of the economic crisis on
4、the oil industry.3. In your point of view, if the oil price fluctuates greatly in a short period, what may be the reasons? And what will be the consequences?,Section 1 Starting-out,2. Describe the influence of the economic crisis on the oil industry.,There is beyond question that economy crisis has
5、exerted great impact on the oil industry. The economy crisis brought down the oil needs, as a consequence, the oil price declined, too, which dramatically cut down the profit of the oil industry, the side effect of which are unimaginable. Energy companies are drilling fewer oil and gas well and cutt
6、ing back spending on refineries, pipelines and power stations. Many ongoing projects have been postponed or cancelled-for lack of finance. Business and households are spending less on energy-using appliances, equipment and vehicles. One most important factor of energy crisis is the inflation, and it
7、 will make the crude oil more expensive, as a consequence, the consumption of oil will drop sharply.,Section 1 Starting-out,3. If the oil price fluctuates greatly in a short period, it maybe relates with the supply and demand, oil-producing countries political turmoil, the global economic situation,
8、 the petroleum importing and exporting policies, and the global political environment, such as the economic depression or the war, etc. The possible consequences are: people worried about their car bills, automobile production will decline, it may reduce peoples consumption desire and then have much
9、 impact on economic development.,Directions: Watch a short video about drilling and production of natural gas and crude oil. Then answer the following questions.,Section 1 Starting-out,What is a drilling rig, how deep does it work?What is the cost for drilling oil and gas on land and offshore in Ohi
10、o?3. How do we get the crude oil and natural gas out?,Watch the video and answer the following questions:,Section 1 Starting-out,1. What is a drilling rig, how deep does it work?,2. What is the cost for drilling oil and gas on land and offshore?,3. How do we get the crude oil and natural gas out?,It
11、 is a piece of equipment that drills a hole about a size of a soccer ball, which is capable of drilling several thousand feet into the earths surface.,In Ohio the typical cost may range from $350,000 up to a million dollars. An offshore well can cost over a billion dollars.,By using a variety of dif
12、ferent pumping units.,Section 2 text learning (A),Text Organization,Information Analysis,Language Points,Theme Discussion,The Three Subdivisions of Oil Industry,Text Organization,Part 1 (Para. 1-?) _Part 2 (Para. ?-?) _ ?How many parts can you divide the passage into?,Text a,Part 1 (Para. 1) General
13、 description of oil industry.Part 2 (Para.2-10) What is the upstream?Part 3 (Para.11-17) What is the midstream?Part 4 (Para.18-25) What is the downstream?,Text Organization,Text a,Information Analysis,Part 1 (Para. 1) General description of oil industry.,It is divided into three distinct sections ba
14、sed on the steps from drilling to refinement.,2. What are the three subdivisions of the oil industry?,Text a,1. According to what standard the oil industry is divided into three subdivisions?,They are: upstream, midstream, and downstream.,Part 2 (Para. 2-10) What is the Upstream?,1. What is the main
15、 characteristic of upstream?2. What do geologists do and what advanced tools they use to help them find potential oil fields?3. Why does the drilling stage represent a significant financial risk to the oil company?4. Why can we say upstream fuels the midstream and downstream processes?,Text a,Inform
16、ation Analysis,Part 2 (Para. 2-10) What is the Upstream?,What is the main characteristic of upstream?,2. What do geologists do and what advanced tools they use to help them find potential oil fields?,Upstream focuses on locating and recovering crude oil and natural gas, it is the first chronological
17、 step in the oil industry. It includes all petroleum exploration and extraction activities.(para.2-4),Geologists help to search for potential sites of oil filed. They use a number of highly advanced tools such as Satellite Images, Gravity Meters, Magnetometers, sniffers, Compressed-Air Guns, Thumper
18、 Trucks, Explosives, Hydrophones, and Seismometers, etc. (Para. 5),Part 2 (Para. 2-10) What is the Upstream?,3. Why does the drilling stage represent a significant financial risk to the oil company?,4. Why can we say upstream fuels the midstream and downstream processes?,Because exploratory drilling
19、 is expensive and there is no guarantee that there will be a return on investment. (para. 6),Although the boundaries between upstream, midstream and downstream can become blurred and not clearly defined, upstream comprises first step in the entire extraction to refining process.(para. 9-10),Part 3 (
20、Para.11-17) What is the Midstream?,What is the midstream sector?2. Why is it a highly technical process to transport raw oil and natural gas?3. What will happen to the midstream sector in the future?,Text a,Information Analysis,1. What is the midstream sector?,2. Why is it a highly technical process
21、 to transport raw oil and natural gas?,It is primarily concerned with the transportation of oil and natural gas from the extraction site to the refineries. (para. 11),Because it involves compressing the fluids to necessary pressures, removing impurities and heavier hydrocarbons at the production sit
22、e. (Para. 12-13),Part 3 (Para.11-17) What is the Midstream?,3. What will happen to the midstream sector in the future?,The path from growth boom to maturity will transform the midstream sector during the next two decades. Midstream companies should consider playing a larger role in managing producti
23、on.(Para.15-16),Part 3 (Para.11-17) What is the Midstream?,Text a,Information Analysis,Part 4 (Para.18-25) What is the Downstream?,1. What is the downstream sector?2. What are the jobs included in the downstream sector?3. What is the basic oil and gas refining process?4. What products are used in ev
24、eryday applications?5. What are the two factors be considered in the classical way of operating the refinery?,Text a,Information Analysis,What is the downstream sector?,2. What are the jobs included in the downstream sector?,Its a part of the industry that is responsible for final processing, produc
25、t distribution and marketing. (Para. 18),Jobs in the downstream sector include process hazard analysts, tax accountants, plant operators, maintenance supervisors, contracts managers and instrument engineers. (Para. 21),Part 4 (Para.18-25) What is the Downstream?,3. What is the basic oil and gas refi
26、ning process?,4. What products are used in everyday applications?,The refining process for crude oil follows a regimented process. At the center of this process is simple distillation. (Para. 22),(Para. 23),Part 4 (Para.18-25) What is the Downstream?,5. What are the two factors be considered in the
27、classical way of operating the refinery?,The wide variation in price and the seasonality of consumption for the products.(para.25),Theme Discussion,Discuss the following theme-related questions.Please summarize what are the three subdivisions of oil industry and their respective characteristics.2. W
28、hich sector is more time and money consuming?,Text A,Theme Discussion,Please summarize what are the three subdivisions of oil industry and their respective characteristics.,Text A,The three subdivisions of oil industry are : upstream, midstream and downstream. Upstream focuses on locating and recove
29、ring crude oil and natural gas, it also focuses on locating underground and underwater oil fields. It includes all petroleum exploration and extraction activities. Midstream is primarily concerned with the transportation of oil and natural gas from the extraction site to the refineries. Downstream i
30、s responsible for final processing, product distribution and marketing.,Theme Discussion,2. Which sector is more time and money consuming?,Text A,Upstream includes all petroleum exploration and extraction activities. Searching for potential oil and gas fields and drilling exploratory wells are time
31、consuming and money consuming. Often times the exploratory drilling must be done in underwater conditions. This makes the task more challenging, expensive, and time consuming.,Language Points,Text a,1. para. 8: Often times the exploratory drilling must be done in underwater conditions. This makes th
32、e task more challenging, expensive, and time consuming.,翻译：,勘探钻井常常需要在水中操作，这使得钻探任务更加具有挑战性，花费更多的时间和资金。,2. para. 16 Using better forecasting analytics, the sector will benefit by anticipating demand and delivering customized crude blends and dynamic storage options to end-users.,翻译：,通过更好地预测分析，中游部门将在以下方
33、面获益：预测客户需求，运送客户需要的混合原油产品，并为终端客户提供动态的存储选择。,Text a,Language Points,3. Para. 8 last line: even the most advanced seismic surveys yield incomplete or potentially false information. Para. 25. 1st line: The crude oil is initially distilled and the initial product yields can be improved by using,词性对比：,yiel
34、d vt. 生产，带来yield n. 产量,Text a,Language Points,4. para. 25 The classical way of operating the refinery takes into account the wide variation in price and the seasonality of consumption for the products.,翻译：,炼油厂的传统运作需要把两个因素考虑在内，一是价格的巨大波动，二是产品消费的季节性因素。,Text a,Language Points,Exercises,I Language,II Ora
35、l Presentation,III Translation,IV Essay Writing,Engineering Communication Focuses,I Language,Task 1 Glossary Match1 e 2 h 3 f 4 g 5 c 6 b 7 a 8 d,Exercises,1 surpass 2 sufficient 3 overlap 4 synthesize 5 chronological,6 peripheral 7 warrant 8 imperative 9 coordinate 10 hazard,Task 2 Words or Express
36、ions Check,II Oral Presentations,Task 1 Questions and Answers,Possible answers lie in the following paragraphs of the texts:Question 1. Paragraphs 2-4 &10 of text AQuestion 2. Paragraphs 25 of text A Question 3. Paragraphs 11-13 of text B Question 4. Paragraph 18 of text C Question 5. Paragraph 5 of
37、 text C,Exercises,II Oral Presentations,Task 1 Questions and Answers,1. Upstream is the part of the oil production process that focuses on locating and recovering crude oil and natural gas. Upstream is the first chronological step in the oil industry. The upstream petroleum sector includes all petro
38、leum exploration and extraction activities, such asexploration,developmentand processing. The final takeaway message about the upstream segment of the oil industry is that it comprises the essential first step in the entire extraction to refining process. Without a good strong foundation in the upst
39、ream segment of the industry, there wouldnt be any oil or there would be insufficient amounts of oil for the rest of the industry to utilize. (Text A, para2-4, 10),Exercises,II Oral Presentations,Task 1 Questions and Answers,2. For the first one, some refineries are able to adjust quite quickly to t
40、he market value of the products and generate the optimal economical mix of products to maximize revenue. On the other hand, refiners also take into account the seasonality of consumption, usually producing more gasoline during the summer or “driving season” in the Northern Hemisphere, and more heati
41、ng oil during the winter. (Text A, para25),Exercises,II Oral Presentations,Task 1 Questions and Answers,3. The bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms store a great deal of chemical energy. When a hydrocarbon is burned, these bonds break apart in order to form carbon dioxide and water. The petro
42、leum is first heated in a boiler to separate the smaller hydrocarbons with low boiling points from the larger hydrocarbons with high boiling points. The various distillates can be roughly characterized by the number of carbon atoms in their constituent hydrocarbons (Text B, para11-13),Exercises,Task
43、 3 Critical Thinking Enhancement,This task is designed to discuss the marine oil pollution. The rule of environmental law in China is making progressand the situation is already better this year than it was last year. Even so, both government and civil resources for seeking damages are inadequate, l
44、aw enforcement is weak and success is only seen in straightforward cases. These issues still need to be resolved. Chinashould be able to deal with the impact of oil slicks more effectively than it did during the 2006 Bohai spill, or the2010 Dalian leak. Administrative and judicial procedures should
45、be combined. But the government still habitually uses administrative measures to deal with pollution incidents, sacrificing the interests of the weak and the environment. There is still work to be done, by both the authorities and the Chinese people.,Exercises,Exercises,III Translation,Task 1 Transl
46、ate the following sentences into Chinese.,1. 勘探钻井是必不可少的，如果没有地层钻探和实体样品收集，即使是最先进的地震勘探采集到的信息也是不完整的或可能是错误信息。2 在中游行业领域内，相比起中小型企业，中游产业的大型企业更能带动这一领域的发展，这源于其更雄厚的资金实力，在整个价值链中的位置，以及最重要的是，它们在新兴页岩油气藏中主导地位的日益凸显。 （Notes: shale plays, favorable exploration area for shale oil and gas, 页岩油气藏。）3 汽油是分子中大致有6到11个碳原子的混合物
47、。其中，带有7个碳原子的庚烷会引起发动机爆震，因此炼油厂会尽量混用一些燃烧更稳定的带有8个碳原子的辛烷。,Exercises,III Translation,Task 1 Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,4 尽管石油非常实用，我们还是迫切的希望能够摆脱对石油的依赖。对于世界政治而言，石油是一种不稳定因素，同样它也给全球气候（相关的二氧化碳排放量）带来了不稳定影响。5 “中游产业的公司很幸运，由于大量资本的注入”，门罗称，“它们的资本运作更为高效，而因为它们是生产型公司，其产品在加拿大的价格与国际市场价格相比存在溢价（其产品交易在加
48、拿大市场属于溢价交易）”。,Exercises,III Translation Task 2,It may seem an easy job to drill holes in the land areas of the earth，but even an exploratory well may be over 3,000 meters deep! The drillers may have to drill through very hard rock，and when they have drilled part of the well they will probably have t
49、o take all the drill pipe out to change the drilling bit at the lower end. It is the bit which eats through the rock and although it is very sharp and has 132 cutting edges，it quickly wears out. Then，after drilling 3,000 meters，they may find nothing! Or, if they strike oil，it may gush out so powerfu
50、lly that workers are injured and equipment damaged. The petroleum which comes out of the ground cannot really be used for anything. It must first be refined. Refineries are huge “factories” where crude oil is separated into “fractions” which are commonly known as gasoline，kerosene，diesel oil，lubricating oil and fuel oil. Then these fractions must be distributed by pipeline or tanker to the final distributors, such as filling stations (for gasoline and diesel oil)，which sell it to the ultimate users.,
