（天津专用）2019高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解（课件+试题）（打包30套）.zip

1专题三 阅读理解第一节 技法点拨高考阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成 4篇不同体裁、题材的阅读理解题。考生不仅要能正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思合理地推断出文章的隐含意义。近几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识的掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查，命题者更关注考生用英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。为了帮助考生清楚地了解英语阅读理解题的情况，下面将具体分析近三年天津卷英语阅读理解题的命题特点：2018 2017年份/卷别内容 6月 3月 6月 3月2016语篇 A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D文体说明文记叙文说明文议论文说明文记叙文说明文议论文应用文夹叙夹议文说明文议论文应用文说明文记叙文议论文应用文夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议文议论文难度 易 易 中 难 易 中 中 难 易 易 中 难 易 中 中 难 易 中 中 难2细节理解题4 3 1 1 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 5 5 2 3 2 5 3 2 3推理判断题1 2 3 4 1 3 1 2 / 2 1 / / 1 2 3 / 2 2 1主旨大意题/ / 1 / / / 1 / 1 / 1 / / 1 / / / / / 1词义猜测题/ / / / / / / / / / 1 / / 1 / / / / 1 /由以上统计可看出，天津卷对阅读理解的考查文体上以应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文为主，题型以细节理解题、推理判断题为主，词义猜测题、主旨大意题较难，所占比例较少，命题很好地体现了“注重基础，体现层次，有利于选拔人才”的高考命题思想。一、阅读理解解题四步法第一步：扫描题干，划关键定位词，区分题型和预测文章主要内容。第二步：通读全文，抓住中心。1.通读全文，抓两个重点：(1)段中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题。(2)其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读，有重点地读。2.抓住中心，用一分半时间思考 3个问题：(1)文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ (2)文章中有无提到核心概念？(3)作者的大致态度是什么？第三步 仔细审题，返回原文。仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩。定位原则：(1)通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。(关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等)3(2)自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。第四步 重叠选项，选出答案。1.通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。2.做题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由。二、研读答案特征1.正确答案的特征：(1)正确答案经常与中心思想有关。(2)正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。(3)正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说和反话正说。(4)从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can，may，might，possible，not necessarily，some。(5)正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。2.错误答案的特征：第一大层次：(1)无中生有。原文中未提及的概念；(2)正反混淆。选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反；(3)答非所问。虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边。第二大层次：(1)过分绝对；(2)扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围 mostly); (3)因果倒置；(4)常识判断；(5)推得过远；(6)偏离中心。 三、四大题型及对策(一)细节理解题细节理解题一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why 和 how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题等。细节题的正确选项通常有以下特征：1.再现原文；42.对原文进行改写；3.对原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化；4.正话反说、无中生有(适用于三正一误的是非题)。细节题的干扰项特点：1.文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题；2.偷换概念。符合常识，但不是文章的内容；3.无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及；4.正误并存。信息部分正确，部分错误。(二)推理判断题题干中常含有以下词语：infer/imply/suggest/indicate/conclude/learn from。此类试题难度较大，但请记住一句做题基本原则“推理主题和细节” 。意思是说推理题不是根据文章主题推理就是根据文章细节推理。一般来说，在一篇文章后的试题中，若该推理题出现在第一道和第四道，应该联系文章主题进行推理，也就是说要找到文章的主题句然后进行同义改写即可得到正确答案；若是该推理题出现在试题的中间部分则是根据文章细节进行推理，按照细节题基本的细节定位原则也可以较快的解决问题。(三)主旨大意题 题干中常含有以下词语：main idea/mainly/mainly discuss/mainly concerned/central/ primary。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。主题词通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性。有的类型的文章没有明显的主题句，但可以通过找主题词的方法解决此类试题，主题词就是文中出现频率最高的一个单词，一般情况下为名词，记住一句话：主旨大意题的正确选项一定包含主题词！这样一来就很快可以排除若干干扰选项而一眼看出正确选项所在了。也可以运用逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误：1.以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题； 2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证； 3.把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。(四)词句猜测题词义猜测题的难度深浅不一，但究其根源，无非两种基本解题方法：联系上下文和构词法。联系上下文就是看相邻的两句话或者是一句话内部主句和从句之间的关系，是同义延伸还是反义驳斥，找到句子之间的关系后再找相应位置单词(或句子)的同义词或反义词就易如5反掌了。构词法则是根据一个较难单词的词根、前后缀或是词组的后接介、副词分析出该单词或词组的大概含义，然后对照四个选项找出最接近的一个答案。(以上四种题型将在第二节分类突破中有详细讲解和具体练习。)1第二节 分类突破一、细节理解——事实细节题(2018·6月天津，A)Fire Prevention InformationThe University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals.They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置) systems，fire alarms，and fire extinguishers(灭火器).They also provide educational programs on fire safety in the residence halls.Whenever you move to a new area，you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.Fire AlarmsThe floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的) fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes.Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors，smoke detectors and sprinklers.For your safety，never tamper with(胡乱摆弄) these systems.False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.Fire DrillsA fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester.During a fire drill，please do the following：·Take your room key and ID，close and lock the door to your room.·Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift.2·Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.Fire ExtinguishersFire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment.Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so.Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.Smoke DetectorsA smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room.Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings.Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector：·If your smoke detector is working properly，the red light should be on.If the red light is not blinking(闪动)，contact residence hall staff immediately.·Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.·If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke，inform your hall staff.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向大学生们介绍了火灾预防的相关情况：火警、消防演练、灭火器以及烟雾探测器等。36.What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals?A.To provide part-time jobs for students.B.To lead the students to the nearest exits.C.To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.D.To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据 Fire Prevention Information下的第二句“They inspect.and test and maintain all sprinkler.”可知，火灾预防专家们的主要职责是检测和维护火灾预防设备。故选 C。37.What do the automatic fire alarm systems include?A.Pipes and smoke detectors.B.Smoke detectors and sprinklers.C.Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.D.Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations.答案 B3解析 细节理解题。由题干中的 automatic fire alarm systems可定位到 Fire Alarms下的“automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors，smoke detectors and sprinklers”。故选 B。38.In a fire drill，the students should .A.rush quickly to a liftB.gather at the nearest exitC.shut the door and leave at onceD.wait for instructions in the hall答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据 Fire Drills下的第一条以及第二条可知，选项 C符合题意。39.What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?A.Using them wrongly results in punishment.B.Irresponsible use of them can damage them.C.Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.D.Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据 Fire Extinguishers下的最后一句“Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.(错误使用灭火器会导致罚款)”可知 A项正确。40.To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector，one should .A.contact the hall staff regularlyB.cover the things that burn easilyC.start the smoke detector in a fireD.make certain the red light is working答案 D解析 细节理解题。由 Smoke Detectors下的第一条中的第一句“If your smoke detector is working properly，the red light should be on.”可知，选项 D与之对应，故答案为D。一、题型解读事实细节题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式是以 5W1H(what，who，when，where，why 和 how)等开头的特殊疑问句。二、解题技巧——题干定位，寻找信息4题干定位法是做事实细节题最基本的也是最常用的方法。事实细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，可根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可以确定最佳答案。 “题干定位法”分为三步：第一步：先通过题干信息来选择定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问题的核心信息。例如上面【真题感悟】中的第 37题，题干中的定位词为 the automatic fire alarm systems。第二步：在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子。例如上面【真题感悟】中的第 37题由定位词 the automatic fire alarm systems我们可以迅速浏览到 Fire Alarms这一段中。第三步：分析这些句子和选项，得出正确答案。例如上面【真题感悟】中的第 37题，分析句子和选项可知 B项正确。(2018·红桥区二模)4-Day Classic Beijing TourThe 4-day classic Beijing tour is designed for tourists who come to visit China for the first time.It covers the most popular and typical places in Beijing，fully displaying the scenery，culture， history，local lifestyles and features，food and drinks，business，etc.for you.Day 1：Arrival in BeijingYour guide meets you at Capital Airport，and helps you check in at your hotel.Enjoy Beijing Duck as welcome dinner.Accommodation：Beijing downtownDay 2：The Great Wall & the Summer PalaceStart your day at the most famous part of the Great Wall，the Badaling Great Wall.Leave the downtown for the Great Wall at 8 am.Since it is a long drive to the Great Wall (about 2 hours’ riding)，have a break at the Jade Museum on the way.Lunch will be enjoyed in a local restaurant.In the early afternoon come back to the city and have a sightseeing tour of the Summer Palace.Recommended Activity：Beijing Opera Show (Liyuan Theatre,19∶30－21∶10 every evening)Accommodation：Beijing downtownDay 3：Beijing city sightseeing & Local experienceYour guide meets you at the hotel at 8 am and sets out for the day’s 5touring：Tian’anmen Square and the Forbidden City.After visiting the two sites，have a break and get ready for lunch.Hutong visit：see some traditional arts of the old Beijing，such as paper cutting and kite making，and visit a local family.Accommodation：Beijing downtownDay 4：Beijing Olympic sitesVisit the Olympic sites：Bird’s Nest，Water Cube and Olympic Park，witnessing the fast developing modern China.Enjoy some free time after visiting the sites.After lunch，it is shopping time and then the tour is over.1.This advertisement is aimed at .A.foreigners who are new to ChinaB.experts who study history and citiesC.kids who were born in other citiesD.people who are interested in touring答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“The 4-day classic Beijing tour is designed for tourists who come to visit China for the first time.”可知，这四天的旅行是针对初次来中国的外国人的。故选 A。2.If a tourist wants to enjoy Beijing Opera，he should .A.visit the Summer Palace on the first dayB.go sightseeing in Beijing HutongC.live and eat downtown in BeijingD.go to Liyuan Theatre in the evening答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据 Day 2中的“Recommended Activity：Beijing Opera Show (Liyuan Theatre,19∶30－21∶10 every evening).”可知，如果想看京剧应该是在晚上去梨园剧院。3.On which day can tourists enjoy the city’s traditional arts and local lifestyle?A.Day 4. B.Day 3.C.Day 2. D.Day 1.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据 Day 3中提到“Hutong visit：see some traditional arts of 6the old Beijing，such as paper cutting and kite making，and visit a local family.”可知，在第三天游客能感受传统文化和当地的生活方式。4.What does this tour company think can show Beijing is a fast developing modern city?A.Beijing Capital Airport.B.Bird’s Nest，Water Cube and Olympic Park.C.Tian’anmen Square and the Forbidden City.D.The Great Wall & the Summer Palace.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据 Day 4中的“Visit the Olympic sites：Bird’s Nest，Water Cube and Olympic Park，witnessing the fast developing modern China.”可知，这家旅游公司认为，北京的鸟巢，水立方和奥林匹克公园显示了北京是一个发展迅速的现代化城市。5.To make the advertisement work，what should be added?A.Age requirement.B.The hotel’s address.C.Contact information.D.The guide’s name.答案 C解析 推理判断题。通读全文可知，这个广告没有联系方式，因此应该增加这方面的信息。故选 C。B(2018·和平区一模)I am reading a novel at the moment，a story set in Britain and India in the 19th century.It was written by an Indian author who now lives in Denmark，but neither in the language of Hindi nor Danish.Although the paperback edition I’m holding was published in New Delhi，India，four years ago，I (an American) purchased it recently from a second-hand bookshop in Tokyo，Japan.That’s quite a history already.But there’s more.The novel is a tale of various mysteries，all expertly put into a well-structured story by a very skillful author.Yet my particular copy presents even more mysteries than the tale.One summer morning in the year of my paperback’s publication—on July 15,2012—someone else was reading it while eating breakfast in a restaurant in 7Mumbai，India.I know this because I found a receipt of coffee and bread inside.I also know that this person was not the owner of the paperback immediately before me.In fact，the owner before me was not Indian at all，but Japanese.I know this because in the book there are handwritten notes in Japanese—translations of English words with which the reader was unfamiliar.Japanese being a language of characters，not letters，it is not easy to determine if the note writer was a man or a woman.But the care taken to write the translations neatly in the limited spaces available on each page indicates a woman’s hand.So let us agree that it is a woman.What can we say of her？Well educated，clearly，and probably a university student，who would keep a dictionary at hand while reading a novel.But why did she suddenly stop reading？The last translation in my paperback appears on Page 83，less than a third of the way through the novel.Did she give up because the book was proved too difficult？Or was there some other reason?Many a novel presents mysteries，all of which are solved by the end of the tale.The mysteries presented by my little paperback，however，remain mysteries，all expertly put into a well-structured story，not by a skillful writer，but this time by the numberless vagaries(变幻莫测) of life itself.6.What can we learn about the novel?A.It is about a world trip.B.It is well written.C.It was written in an American restaurant.D.It was first published in the 19th century.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“The novel is a tale of various mysteries，all expertly put into a well-structured story by a very skillful author.”这部小说讲述了各种各样的奥秘，一个娴熟的作家巧妙地(将这些奥秘)组织成一个故事，可知这个小说写得非常好。7.In which language is the novel written?A.Hindi. B.Danish.C.English. D.Japanese.答案 C8解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第五段“I know this because in the book there are handwritten notes in Japanese-translations of English words with which the reader was unfamiliar.”可知这本书上有日文的笔记，是对读者不熟悉的英文单词的翻译，所以这本书应该是用英文写的。8.The author assumes the Japanese owner of the book was a woman based on .A.the pretty handwritingB.the food written on the receiptC.the good condition of the bookD.the effort taken in writing the notes答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第四段第二句“But the care taken to write the translations neatly in the limited spaces available on each page indicates a woman’s hand.”可知，从写笔记的细心，作者认为这本书的日本主人是一个女人。9.Which of the following can best describe the author?A.He is a great reader of historical fiction.B.He is a hard-working university student.C.He is a productive writer with sensibility.D.He is a careful observer with imagination.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“So let us agree that it is a woman.What can we say of her？Well educated，clearly，and probably a university student，who would keep a dictionary at hand while reading a novel.”以及前文作者根据书中笔记推测书的日本主人是一位女士，可以看出作者是一个有想象力的认真的观察者。10.What’s the best title for the text?A.The Tale of a PaperbackB.Different Life ExperiencesC.Unsolved Mysteries of LifeD.A Book’s Exciting Adventure答案 A解析 标题归纳题。通读文章内容可知，文章讲述了一本书在来到作者手里之前，经历过别人的翻阅和做笔记，作者展开想象，推测了这本书之前的经历。整篇文章围绕着这本书进行，讲述了关于这本书的故事或传说。9题型组合练(四)Ⅰ.单项填空1.Sky Hunter successfully captures the bravery of PLA soldiers， does Wolf WarriorsⅡ，but it met with box office failure.A.so B.which C.what D.as答案 D解析 句意为：《空天猎》成功地刻画了解放军的英勇，正如《战狼Ⅱ》 ，但是《空天猎》票房惨败。先行词为“ Sky Hunter successfully captures the bravery of PLA soldiers”，关系词 as“正如”在非限制性定语从句中作宾语。根据题意，故选 D。2.Playing with their peers，children learn to and not do exactly what they want to do.A.compromise B.competeC.contribute D.construct答案 A解析 句意为：孩子们和同龄人玩耍，学会妥协，而不是完全做他们想做的事。compromise 妥协；compete 竞争；contribute 贡献；construct 构成。根据句意，故选 A。3.Come off it！Oversleeping is as lame an excuse as other.A.one B.each C.some D.any答案 D解析 句意为：别胡扯了，睡过头像其他任何借口一样蹩脚。one other另一个；each other互相，彼此；some other 其他一些；any other 任何其他。根据句意，故选 D。4.World Food Day is held each year to underline the progress that against hunger and that still needs to be made.A.is made B.was madeC.has been made D.will be made答案 C解析 句意为：每年都庆祝世界粮食日来强调为消除饥饿已经取得的进展及还需要取得的。题目中暗含“已经取得的” ，故使用现在完成时。根据句意，故选 C。5.When the admission letter from Harvard University arrived，Ben’s parents were and threw a big party.A.in the red B.tickled pinkC.as white as a sheet D.in a blue mood答案 B10解析 句意为：当哈佛大学的录取通知书到达时，本的父母喜出望外，开了一个盛大的晚会。in the red负债；tickled pink喜出望外；as white as a sheet面色苍白；in a blue mood心情不好。根据句意，故选 B。6.In order to stand out among all the trainees，you need to sharpen your skills you feel strong and confident.A.that B.whereC.when D.what答案 B解析 句意为：为了在所有的学员中脱颖而出，你需要提高你的技能，那些你感觉强的、有自信的技能。设空处在定语从句中充当地点状语，故用 where来引导定语从句。7.Our football team had a lead in the match，but the last minute goal of the guest team .A.gave it away B.put it awayC.wiped it away D.carried it away答案 C解析 句意为：我们的足球队在比赛中领先，但客队最后一分钟的进球把它抹掉了。give away暴露；put away放好，收起来；wipe away抹掉，擦掉；carry away带走，拿走。根据句意，故选 C。8.Instead of making choices for their children，liberal parents usually say， “Go where you .”A.will B.shouldC.can D.must答案 A解析 句意为：开明的父母通常会说：“去你想去的地方， ”而不是为他们的孩子做选择。will愿意；should 应该；can 能够；must 必须。根据句意，故选 A。9.Membership of this club is open to those who are its aim.A.in salute to B.in honour ofC.in line with D.in sympathy with答案 D解析 句意为：这个俱乐部的会员对那些赞同其宗旨的人开放。in salute to 向……致意，赞扬；in honour of为纪念，为庆祝；in line with跟……一致，符合；in sympathy with赞同，和……一致。根据句意，故选 D。10.—Did you watch the final match of China Open yesterday?—Sure.I it so attentively that I forgot to cook supper.11A.watched B.had watchedC.was watching D.was to watch答案 C解析 句意为：——昨天你看中国公开赛的决赛了吗？——当然。我全神贯注地看着，忘了做晚饭。根据“yesterday”可知发生在过去，根据“the final match of China Open”为过去具体的时间。在过去某个时间做某事使用过去进行时。故选 C。Ⅱ.完形填空I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s.When it was her turn to pay，the cashier(收银员 ) 11 her by name and asked her how she was doing.The woman looked down，shook her hand and said, “Not so good.My husband just lost his job and my 12 son is up to his old tricks again.The truth is，I don’t know how I’m going to 13 the holidays.” Then she gave the cashier food stamps.My heart 14 .I wanted to help but didn’t know how.Should I offer to 15 her groceries or ask for her husband’s situation? 16 I walked into the parking lot，I spotted the woman returning her shopping cart.I remembered something in my purse that I thought might help her.It wasn’t a handful of cash or an 17 of a job for her husband，but maybe it would make her life 18 .My heart beat faster as I 19 the woman.“Excuse me， ” I said，my voice trembling a bit.“I couldn’t help overhearing what you said to the cashier.It sounds like you’re going through a really 20 time right now.I’m so sorry，but I’d like to give you something.”I took a small card out of my purse and 21 it to her.When the woman read the card’s only two words，she began to cry.And through her 22 ，she said， “You have no idea how much this 23 to me.”I was a little 24 by her reply.Having never