1、句子成份和句法为什么要学习句子成份：语法填空和写作以及阅读理解。一、句子成份的定义：组成句子的各个部分被叫做句子成分。句子成分较多地被用来分析句子结构。当我们碰到长句、难句或结构较为复杂的句子而一时弄不懂其含义时，我们可以通过划分句子结构，以求得对其的正确理解。二、句子成分的种类：主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、表语、同位语和插入语。1、主语：句子所要说明的对象（人或物/事）就是句子的主语。即：一个句子说明其主语是什么或做什么。可以充当主语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句（即：主语从句）等。例如：English is quite useful to young people.(名词)
2、We finished writing the story yesterday.（代词）Reading books is helpful to build up our knowledge.（动名词）To build a new school needs a large amount of money.（不定式）What he said this morning is not true.（从句）2、谓语：句子中用来说明主语是什么、做什么或怎么样的那部分就是句子的谓语部分。谓语部分一般须包含动词，另外可以有宾语、补语和状语等。我们通常所说的谓语则是谓语部分中的动词或动词短语。注意：只有动词才能充
3、当句子的谓语，同时还须将句子的谓语部分和句子的谓语两个术语区分开来。例如：Betty likes this book.(likes this book 为谓语部分,likes 为谓语)She teaches us English.(teaches us English 为谓语部分，teaches 为谓语)My new shoes are red.(are red 为谓语部分，are 为谓语)Her brother is writing a letter.(is writing a letter为谓语部分，is writing 为谓语)Mike has finished his work.(ha
4、s finished his work 为谓语部分，has finished 为谓语)3、宾语：句子中行为动作的对象或接受者就是宾语。我们通常在课堂上所说的宾语有两种，即：动词的宾语和介词的宾语。可以充当宾语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句（即：宾语从句）等。注意：有些及物动词可以带两个宾语（即：双宾语） ，往往其中一个指人，叫间接宾语；另一个指物，叫直接宾语。例如：I am teaching English at this school.（名词）We prefer to stay at home tonight.（不定式）This child loves reading books v
5、ery much.（动名词）He asked when we should start to work in the morning.（宾语从句）Mr John gave me some books.（me 为间接宾语，some books 为直接宾语）4、补足语：在句子中有些成分需要加上某一部分予以补充以后在含义上才完整，被用于补充说明的这一部分就叫做补足语，又简称补语。我们通常所说的补语有两种，即：宾语补足语（简称：宾补，即对宾语补充说明部分）和主语补足语（简称：主补，即对主语的补充说明部分） 。通常情况下，在句子从主动语态变为被动语态后，原主动语态中的宾补也就随之变为了主补。语法上所说的
6、复合宾语，指的是宾语和宾补的合称。可以充当补语的有：形容词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语、名词、代词和副词等。例如：It makes me happy.（形容词）They found the book interesting.（现在分词）We shall have you arrested by the police.（过去分词）He told me to come here right away.（不定式作宾补）I was told to come here right away.（不定式作主补）Finally we elected（选举）him monitor of the cla
7、ss.（名词性短语作宾补）When we got there, we found the light still on.（副词）5、定语：在句子中修饰和说明名词或代词的句子成分（即：只有名词或代词才能有定语）就叫做定语。定语说明人或物的状态、品质、数量等。可以充当定语的有：形容词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语、从句（即：定语从句） 、数词、代词、名词、副词等。定语根据其与被修饰的名词或代词的位置可分为前置定语和后置定语：通常单个的单词作定语应作前置定语，而短语和从句作定语要作后置定语。例如：She is a good teacher.（形容词）We stay at home and l
8、ook after our chickens.（人称代词）Only two hundred people are working there.（数词）I first worked there as a shop assistant for six months.（名词）I think spoken English is as important as written English.（过去分词）Tom is the first student to come into the classroom today.（不定式）The chair behind the door cannot be us
9、ed any more.（介词短语）The people there=in that place are very poor.(副词 )6、状语：在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语或整个句子，以表示事情发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、结果、程度、条件、伴随、让步等情况的句子成分就叫作状语。可以充当状语的有：副词、形容性短语、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式、从句（状语从句）等。She often comes to see me recently.（副词，分别表频率和时间）People had to walk a long way (in order) to fetch fire
10、wood.（不定式，表目的）My father joined the army at the age of 18.（介词短语，表时间）Seeing me there(可以等于：When she saw me there 或 Because she saw me there)，she got surprised.（现在分词，表时间或原因）The girl stood there, full of fear.（形容词性短语，表伴随状况）Beaten black and blue(被打得青一块紫一块，可以相当于：Because she had been beaten black and blue),
11、 she was taken to hospital.（过去分词短语，表原因或时间）7、表语：在句子中位于系动词之后，说明人和物的身份、特征、属性或状态等的那部分就是表语。可以充当表语的有：形容词、名词、代词、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式、介词短语、副词、从句（即：表语从句）等。常见的系动词有：be、 look、seem、 sound、smell、taste、feel、stay、remain 、prove 、keep 、become 、get、turn 等。以上这些动词不是在任何场合都是系动词，那么怎样在具体的句子中判定某一动词是否是系动词：在具体的句子中将“该动词的本意+是”来理解句子
12、，如果句子的含义理解得通，该动词就系动词；反之，则不是系动词，如：在句子“This proved a good idea.”中的 prove 的本意为“证明” ，将句子理解为：这证明是一个好主意。这样理解，句的含义是正确的，说明这里的 prove 是系动词。I felt something on my shoulder.The table feels smooth.I smelt the food hard.I smell terrible.We are students from Hongqi Middle School.（名词性短语）The food tastes delicious.（形
13、容词）They kept quiet all the time.（形容词）Country music remains the same.（代词）My suggestion is to begin the work tomorrow.（不定式）My suggestion is that we should begin the work tomorrow.(从句)You see? The light in his room is on.（副词）8、同位语：在句子中置于某一成分之后，并对其加以补充说明且与其共同充当一个句成分的那一部分就叫同位语。同位的前后常有逗号将其与句子的其它部分隔开，有时又可无
14、逗号。常带同位语的句子成分有：主语、表语、宾语和状语等。可以充当同位语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句等。例如：My father, John Smith, is a bus driver.（John Smith 为 my father 的同位语）I like the film Three Muskiteers very much.(Three Muskiteers 为 the film 的同位语)This is the city Tokyo.(Tokyo 为 the city 的同位语)The question who will go there instead of me is no
15、t decided yet.(who will go there instead of me 为 the question 的同位语)In the 1960s, when he was still in his fifties, Weihai went abroad for further study.(when he was already in his fifties 为时间状语 in the 1960s 的同位语 )注：1）.通常我们说后者为前者的同位语，同时我们又说前后的两者互为同位语（关系） ；另外在 the city of Chendu 这一短语中的city 与 Chendu 两者
16、也具有同位语关系，事实上将其中的介词 of 去掉后，短语的含义不变。2）.怎样区别定语从句与同位语从句：看从句前面的名词或代词是否在从句中作句子成分，如果作成分，则从句是定语从句；反之，则为同位语从句。例如：The question that he asked at the meeting was quite difficult.(定语从句)下面一题，你选那一个答案：Has everyone of you known about Richard?-Yes. Mary has told us_.A.what he had done B.all that he had done C.all wha
17、t he had done D.what he was doing9、插入语：插入语也是一种补充说明，常是事后想起的话语，可置于句中或句末，且较常用逗号与句子的其它部分隔开。例如：This girl, I think, is the best student in the class.This girl is the best student in the class, I think.Who do you think will win the competition?Mr John, who they say will teach us English next term, is in th
18、e next room.请试着给下列句子划分句子成分：1.I think you can find him at home now.2.To see is to believe.3.What we need is more practice.4.My mother bought me a new dress.5.She teaches here in Hongqi Middle School.6.She is a very beautiful lady.7.The landlord made him work a day long.8.What do you think is the best?9.That is the one that I have been looking for.10.He proved a good teacher in the end.
