1、 托福长难句详解句子 1In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessel
2、s before it reaches the flipper itself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语 carrying cooled blood做了后置定语，造成了主语 the blood vessels 和谓语 run 被分割，后面接着出现了另一个 the blood vessels carrying warm blood，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exch
3、ange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers定语 run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body定语to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper i
4、tself.完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。【参考翻译】在逆流交换系统中，携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液的血管足够靠近，这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量;因此，在热量到达脚蹼之前，其从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。【成分划分】并列句一In a countercurrent exchange system, 状语 the blood vessels 主语 carrying cooled blood from the flippers 定语 run 谓语 close enough to the blood
5、 vessels状语 carrying warm blood from the body 定语 to pick up some heat 状语 from the warmer blood vessels. 状语 并列句二The heat 主语 is transferred 谓语 from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. 状语状语从句It 主语 reaches 谓语 the flipper宾语 itself. 状语句子 2If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too h
6、eavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(例如 too heavy for surface tension to hol
7、d)放在了被修饰词(例如 drops)的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。另外，后置定语中嵌套了另一个后置定语，更加增加了难度(too light to overcome the force of surface tension定语 holding them in place. 定语)。根据定语的特点(限定或者修饰名词性成分)，遇到后置定语，先忽略这些修饰性的定语，找到句子主干，再按照自己的理解，将英语句子切分成一小段一小段来翻译，最后再组合成一句话，这样整句话意思就清晰了。If the pores are large, the water in them will e
8、xist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold定语, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension定语 holding them in place定语; then the water will be firmly held.【参考翻译】如果孔隙很大，其中的水分会以水滴的形态而存在，
9、水滴的重量足以克服表面张力的束缚，随后水分就会渐渐流失;但是，如果孔隙足够小，其中的水会以薄膜形态而存在，薄膜太轻无法克服表面张力的束缚，因此，这种形态的水会稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。【成分划分】状语从句The pores 主语 are 系动词 large. 表语并列句The water 主语 in them 定语 will exist 谓语 as drops 状语 too heavy for surface tension to hold. 定语并列句It 主语 will drain away. 谓语状语从句The pores 主语 are 系动词 small enough. 表语并列句The
10、 water 主语 in them 定语 will exist 谓语 as thin films状语 , too light to overcome the force of surface tension定语 holding them in place. 定语并列句The water 主语 will be firmly held. 谓语句子 3The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass
11、screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(produced by the camera obscura)放在了被修饰词(the images)的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，另外，出现同位语(a boxlike device)
12、修饰定语中的名词性部分(the camera obscura)，而又有一个定语从句(that used a)又修饰改同位语(a boxlike device)，使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分，先忽略它们，再看句子主干就清楚了。The images produced by the camera obscura定语, a boxlike device同位语that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper定
13、语从句, were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【参考翻译】针孔照相机(一种盒状的装置)产生的影像已经为大家所熟知，它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，例如意大利画家 Canaletto 在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中(使用了这种装置)。【成分划分】并列句
14、The images 主语 produced by the camera obscura, 定语 a boxlike device, 同位语were 系动词 already familiar. 表语并列句The device 主语 had been much employed 谓语 by topographical artists 状语like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. 同位语定语从句A boxlike device 主语 used 谓语 a pinhole or len
15、s 宾语 to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. 宾语补足语句子 4A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct
16、; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engaging when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.【难点解析】本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干，造成了理解问题。主语 A maritime code 先是被过去分词短语 known as the Consulate of the Sea 修饰，而
17、这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰 A maritime code，当我们再看到 won 时，就得费心思寻找 won 这个动词的发出者。难点二是对 when 引导的从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来理解句子，这里 when ships met one another on the sea-lanes 显然不能作为时间状语从句来修饰 definedas，意思理解不通，这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分。the rules of engaging 中的动名词 engaging 既有名词的属性，又用动词的属性。这里它的动词属性正好可以作为 when 从句的修饰对象，所
18、以 when 从句应该是修饰 engaging 的状语从句。另外需要注意的是，by 短语虽然经常引导方式状语，但是这里 by a majority of sea goers 修饰的是 acceptance 这一名词，所以它实际上做了acceptance 的后置定语。【参考翻译】一部在 14 世纪起源于西地中海地区的海洋法典 (被称为康索拉度海法)赢得了大多数航海员的认可，成为了海上管理的规范法典;它对一些事物做了界定，比如，高级船员的权利、命令的发布规范、薪资结构、海员的权利，以及当船只在航路上遇到别的船时的交战准则。【成分划分】并列句一A maritime code 主语 known as
19、the Consulate of the Sea 定语 won 谓语acceptance 宾语 by a majority of sea goers 定语 as the normative code for maritime conduct. 状语定语从句A maritime code 主语 originated 谓语 in the western Mediterranean region 状语in the fourteenth century. 状语并列句二It 主语 defined 谓语 such matters 宾语 as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engaging. 同位语 状语从句Ships 主语 met 谓语 one another 宾语 on the sea-lanes. 状语外朗教育免费直播课：http:/
