1、专四语法总结,I. 主谓一致,意义一致和就近原则 连词not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Not only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film. Either he or I am right. 副词here/ there Here are my replies to your questions. There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.,2. 以s结尾的名词做主
2、语的主谓一致 疾病名词： 单数：arthritis关节炎,bronchitis支气管炎，rickets软骨病，mumps腮腺炎，diabetes糖尿病 可作单数也可作复数： rickets软骨病，measles麻疹 游戏名称一般做单数，表示游戏所用镖等意义时用复数 Darts投镖，marbles打弹子游戏 Cards用复数：Cards are not allowed here. 地理名称 国名用单数 群山、海峡、瀑布用复数 The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. Scissors, glasses,
3、shorts, trousers一类词单独使用用复数，加上单位词，如a pair of 由单位词单、复数决定 ings结尾的名词一般用复数 The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. 特例 The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms. All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.,3. 集体名词作主语主谓一致 1)通常作复数的集体名词 集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,
4、militia民兵,poultry家禽等， 通常作复数，用复数动词。如： Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. 2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词 有些集体名词，如 foliage叶子,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise, 通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, f
5、amily, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。 The city council is meeting to set its agenda. 4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词 如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如： A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.,4.并列结构作主语时的主谓一致 Egg and milk is a good breakfas
6、t. (这里的鸡蛋和牛奶都指一顿早饭，不可分割) Fish and chips(炸鱼土豆片 ) is a popular supper here. 当and连接的并列名词词组带有each, every或者many a 等限定词时，随后动词常用单数 Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need. Every boy and girl in the class is given a copy of the photo. 主语后跟有由as much as, rather than, more than,
7、 no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引导的结构或词组，取决于主语本身形式。,5. 表示数量的名词短语作主语 主语是“分数/百分数+of+名词”，动词的形式取决于中心名词的单复数形式。 e.g.Two thirds of the city was destroyed in the war.Thirty-five percent of the doctors were female. a number of + 名词复数，动词用复数。the number of + 名词
8、，动词用单数。 e.g.A great number of students have entered for the sports meeting.The number of students has doubled in two years. 表示时间和度量的名词短语通常作为一个整体看待, 谓语动词用单数形式 e.g. Twenty minutes is too long to wait. 如果做主语的名词短语由“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of, a kind of, a sort of, a type of, this k
9、ind/sort/type of ”构成，无论中心名词的形式如何，谓语动词的形式通常都是单数。 e.g. There is a kind of rose in the garden. “复数名词 + of this kind”，谓语动词用复数。 e.g. Peaches of this kind are juicy. “these/those kind of +复数名词”,谓语动词用复数。 e.g. These kind of peaches are very juicy 由“many a + 单数名词”或者“more than one + 单数名词”组成的名词短语虽然在意义上是复数，但习惯上
10、谓语动词用单数。 e.g. More than one game was lost.,1. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _ for Europe this afternoon.(2003) A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave 2. The statistics _that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times. (2006) proves
11、 B. is proving C. are proving D. prove 3. All the Presidents Men _ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.(2007)A. remain B. remains C. Remained D. is remaining 4. Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2008) A. All his lectures were boring. B. Half his money was go
12、ne. C. Her few friends are all fond of dancing D. He invited many his friends to the party. (限定词)C D B D,5. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012）ATwenty miles seems like a long walk to himBNo one except his supporters agree with himCNeither Julia nor I were going to the partyDFew stu
13、dents in my class are really lazy 6Which of the following determiners(限定词)can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns? (2012)Amany a Bfew C. Such Dthe next 7. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2012)A New machinery were introduced in the factory B Poultry are v
14、ery expensive in the city CThe police are investigating the murder caseDThe militia were called out to rescue flood victimsC D A,II.限定词,限定词的相互搭配关系为：前位+中位+后位 在这三类限定词中，前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的，后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。 前位限定词包括：all,both,half; double,twice,three times,etc; one-third,two-fifths,et
15、c; what,such,(a / an）等。 中位限定词包括： 冠词：a(n),the/ 指示代词：this,that,these,those 形容词性物主代词：my,your,his,her,our,etc 名词属格：Jims,my mothers 不定代词：some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,etc 连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc 后位限定词包括：one,two,three,etc; first,second,third,etc; next,last,other,another,etc; ma
16、ny,much,(a) few,(a) little,fewer,(the) fewest,less,(the) least,more,most; several,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great / large / good number of,a great / good deal of,a large / small amount of; such等。,几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时，其词序一般按下列顺序排列：限定词表示说话人评价的形容词表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国别、来源、材料的形容词表示用途或目的的形容词名词中心词,1.
17、Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2010) A. All his lectures are very interesting. B. Half his savings were gone. C. Many his friends came to the party. D. Both his sisters are nurses. 2. The manager is not likely to agree to _propositions.（2004） A. Other these B. other all C. all other D. other
18、anyC C,III. 虚拟语气,下面是虚拟条件句的几种基本形式。(1)与将来事实相反 would/could+V，should do/were to do (2)与过去事实相反 would/could have done，had done (3)与现在事实相反 would/could do，were / did,专四中常见的虚拟语气形式。 1） wish后的宾语从句 I wish I knew what was going to happen. 2）suggest （suggestion）,propose（proposal）,advise （advice）demand, insist, or
19、der, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等。在这些从句中，谓语形式为should加动词原形，should可以省略。 例：The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important task. A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left （答案：B）（2002年49题） 例：Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a
20、week. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come （答案：C）（1997年29题）,3）would rather, would as soon, as if/though 以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。 1. I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come （答案：C。would rather 后面的从句中，动词用过去式。）（2002） 2
21、、He talks as if he _ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have know （正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式；如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作，用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。）（1998年45题） 3. You look as if you had seen a ghost. 4. I wish I knew his address. 5. Peter wishes that he _
22、 law instead of literature when he was in college。 A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study （答案为C。2000年32题）,4) 在It is （high/about） time后边的that从句中，动词用过去式，表示该做某事了。 例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up （答案为B。）（1999年31题） It is
23、 the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验 Its the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner. This is the second cigarette that he has smoked today. It was the first time that-结构中，that-从句通常用过去完成时，偶尔还可用现在完成时It was the first time this year that he hadnt hasnt worked on a Saturday
24、. 这是今年来他第一次在星期六不上班。,5) if only后边that从句中，动词用过去式或过去完成式。 If only I knew her address. If only she had listened to my advice. 6)在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier les
25、t he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如： He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 7）amazed, angry, annoyed, ast
26、onished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如： He was angry that you should call him by name. I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. should + 完成式, 指过去。如： Im very sorry that you should hav
27、e failed the exam. I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday.,would rather 句型“would rather+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事”，其中的动词原形不能改为不定式或分词。如： Wed rather stay at home. I would rather not tell him. would rather+动词原形+than+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： He would rather play than work. “would +动
28、词原形+rather than+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： I would do anything rather than let him get off. prefer+不定式+rather than+动词原形 其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus. prefer+动名词+to+动名词 其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： He prefers swimming to riding as a sport.,1. The opening ceremony is a great
29、 occasion. It is essential _for that. (2003)A.for us to be prepared B.that we are preparedC.of us to be prepared D.our being prepared 2. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004)A. Would you be surprisedB. Were you surprisedC. Had you been surprisedD. Would you have be
30、en surprised 3. It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time. （2004）A. hand inB. would hand inC. have to hand inD. handed in A A A,4. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can.(2005) A.would be B. will have been C. was D. were 5. T
31、hat was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. (2005) A. betrayedtake B. had betrayedtook C. has betrayedtook D. has betrayedtake 6. _ you _ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (2005)A. If, had B. Have, had C. Should, have D
32、. In case, had 7. Its high time we _ cutting down the rainforests. (2006) A stopped B had to stop C shall stop D stop 8. I am surprised_ this city is a dull place to live in. (2006) A that you should think B by what you are thinking C . that you would think D with what you were thinking 9. It is imp
33、erative that the government _ more investment into the shipbuilding industry. (2006) A attracts B shall attract C attract D has to A B C A A C,10. If only the patient _ a different treatment instead of using the antibodies he might still be alive now.(2007) A. had received B. received C. should rece
34、ive D. were receiving 11. He would have finished his college education, but he _to quit and find a job to support his family.(2007)A. had had B. has C. had D. would have 12. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she _ much better results now. (2008) A. would be getting B. could have got C. m
35、ust get D. would 13. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier to learn.(2009) A. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 14. Arent you tired? I _ you had done enough for today.(2009)A. should have thought B. must have thoughtC. might have thought D. could have thoug
36、ht 15. Its getting late. Id rather you_now.(2011)A. left B. leave C. are leaving D. will leave A C B B A A,16. My boss ordered that the legal documents _ to him before lunch(2012) A.be sent B.were sent C.were to be sent D.must be sentA,IV. 倒装,倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装。谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装，谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装，谓语中的一
37、部分通常是指：1、系动词；2、助动词；3、情态动词。全部倒装的六条原则 There be句型（表示有）； 以There或now, then开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go； There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. 3. 以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are. Here is your letter. 4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old wom
38、an. 注意: 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如：Here he comes. Away they went. 5. 以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。Under the tree sat an old man. 6. 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成“分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如： Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.,部分倒装的五条原则： so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装； nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
39、so/such. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如： So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway. So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一 个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装 3. as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；e.g. _B_ as i
40、t was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published 当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是 表语。,4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly ( when), scarcely ( when) ；seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。常见的一些表示否定含义的短语
41、：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests. A perm
42、itted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen,1._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region.(2004)A. Only if, will B. If only, wouldC. Should, will D. Unless, would 2. Stealthily _ out of the room. (2004) the girl
43、crept B. crept the girl C. did the girl crept D. creeps the girl 3. Little _ about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger. (2009) A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she careA A D,V. 附加疑问句,1. 当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代词时，反意疑问句部
44、分中的主语正式语体用he,非正式语体常用they Nobody phoned while I was out, did they? 2. 当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, nothing, something等表物的不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语常用it.如： Everything has been done on how to prevent the pollution, hasnt it? 3. 当陈述部分的主语是one时，反意疑问部分的主语常用one或you。如： One cant be too careful, can one/ you? 4.当陈述部分的主
45、语是man(人类)时，反意疑问部分的主语常用he。如： Man is the master of his own fate, isnt he? 5.当陈述部分是there be结构时， 反意疑问部分用there,省略主语代词。 如： There is a book on the desk, isnt there?,6.当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词应用肯定形式 You have nothing else to say, have you? 7.当陈述部
46、分是Im 结构时，反意疑问部分常用arent I 如： I am late, arent I? 8.当陈述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine等结构时，反意疑问部分往往与从句保持一致，而且要注意否定转移。如：I suppose that she is careful, isnt she? 我认为她认真，是吗？ I think he is a thief, isnt he? 我认为他是一个小偷，是吗？ I dont believe she has gone home, has she? 我认为她没有回家，是吗？ I dont think h
47、e can do it well, can he? 我认为他做不好那件事，是吗？ I dont believe you can finish the job, can you? 我觉得你完不成这项工作，是吗？ I dont guess he knows it, does he? 我想他不知道这件事，是吗？,9.当陈述部分的谓语动词包括have to, had to时，反意疑问部分通常用do的适当形式。如： You had to take the early bus, didnt you? 10.当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，反意疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。如： He
48、used to smoke three cigarettes a day, didnt/ usednt he? 11.当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分常用will you. 如： Help me to do it, will you? Dont go there, will you? 以Lets 开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分常用shall we.以Let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分常用will you. 12. 当陈述句部分含had better/best, would like to, would rather等约定俗成特殊短语时，反意疑问部分应保留第一个词。如：He had better do more speaking, hadnt he? 13.当陈述句部分是强调句或类似强调句的结构时，反意疑问部分常和句首的It is/was保持一致。如： It was in a park that you met him, wasnt it? 14.当陈述句部分为感叹句时，反意疑问句部分常用否定形式，且问句部分的动词常用be. 如： What a handsome man he is, isnt he?,
