1、英语专业四级语法词汇精讲,姚晓东 北京大学英语系 ,个人 追求 环球 学术：方法；规律，智慧 做人：个人成长，一种经历、体验，人生态度 英语学习 勤奋 方法,整体框架,1.特殊结构 2.基本类别 主谓一致 冠词 代词；代词 时态，语态，体 非谓语 情态动词、助动词 虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型3.词汇: 同根异义/词形近似 近义词辨析 词组，固定搭配，小品词,1.特殊结构,It is (high) time sb did sth It is essential/necessarysb (should) do sth A is B what C is D 表示比较的：no more/les
2、sthan; no better than；not more than, not less than; not so much as 与其不如 No other than 除之外没有；Other than 除了,Be he rich or poor Something of/ much of a+职业;有点天赋 He will make a first-class singer cannot/can nevertoo越越好 cannot but do 禁不住Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A there be
3、ing a chance B there to be a chanceC there be a chance D being a chance Its uncommon for there to be ,Know better than to do, be wise enough not to do Would rather +从句：宁愿 Without, But for, had it not been for, only that:要不是, 若非 All but=almost，几乎，差一点 The old man is all but blind.,nothing but 只; anyth
4、ing but 决非; none but只有 nothing else than 只不过 None other than；no one else but正是，不是别的 as such就本身而言，以这种身份；同样地 For allin spite of Such as to do 如此以致于,save=except much as=although; hard as he tried; clever as he is 表示让步 It is uncommon/ rare/strange for there to be sth. But=who dont There are few but unde
5、rstand his new ideas.,Lest; in case; for fear (of/that), for fear lest (should)万一，以防，生怕 In that：由于，因为；既然；（不强调因果关系，只是理由之一） now that 既然（由于，既然）,obvious reason. 突出事件性，表突发情况，用now that，that可省略. 一般句首，婉转。 Now that you are busy, let me do it for you. 既然你忙，就让我给你做吧。,If only： as long as只要 ： If only it clears up
6、, well go. 要是该多好：If only I had another chance.Only if 只有当(只是在.时) 可倒可不倒 Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.,much,so much as 甚至, 连.也.(一般用于否定句):与其，不如 much as: 非常象, 和.几乎一样; 尽管，虽然 as much 同样地; 这样地;同等数量/程度的 that muchso much 这那么多, 这那么些 as much as 多达., 达到程度; 几乎等于, 和差不多 as much . as
7、 . 同.一样多的, 跟.达到同一程度 by much 大大地, .得多 ever so much 非常 for as much as 由于, 既然,2.基本类别,主谓一致 冠词 代词；代词 时态，语态，体 非谓语 情态动词、助动词 虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型,3.词汇: 同根异义/词形近似 近义词辨析 词组，固定搭配，小品词,1. 主谓一致,主谓一致的三原则 语法一致：大多数谓语劢词的单复数形式叏决亍主语的人称。 意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集吅的各个成员时用复数。 就近一致：往往采用就近原则。,单数的几种情况,1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式。 2
8、. 事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式。 3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式。 4、each, every, one, either, neither, many a, more than one, not only one等作主语戒者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式。 5、the number of作主语时，用单数形式。,6. a portion/ series/ species/ swarm/ kind + of + n.作主语时，用单数形式。 注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式。 7.
9、由and连接的短语作主语： 用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数。Eg. Jack and Jill;,注意：, 连接的名词或代词前后都有every, each, no, many a等修饰。 Every hour and every minute is precious to me. 连接的名词戒代词表示单一概念指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 其他：friend and foe; butter and bread, part an
10、d parcel(重要的部分), needle and thread; the ebb and flow。,复数的几种情况,1.a number of作主语，用复数形式； 2.由and, bothand连接的短语作主语，用复数； 3. people, police, clergy（牧师）, cattle, poultry, vermin（害虫，寄生虫）, militia（民兵）等等作主语时，用复数； 4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时， 如：remains, riches, scissors（剪刀）, shears（大剪刀）, clothes, pants, leavings（残余）, ann
11、als（年报，编年史） 5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。 e.g. Five thousand square meters of housing have been built.,根据语意, 抽象、具体均可： audience, class, club, committee, family, firm, government, public, jury, school, staff, team, union, police。 The television public is increasing rapidly.电视观众正急速增长。 The public are tired
12、 of demonstrations. 公众对示威感到厌烦。 The police are on his track. 警察在跟踪他。 单复同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, swine, series, species, means 等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数。,the minority / majority of + n., plenty/ part/ half/ rest/ x percent of + n. 作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。 form(s)/ kind(s)/ type(s) of + n. 作主语时，谓语单复数与form
13、(s)等的单复数一致。 注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式。 e.g. Two kinds of salt have been proved to be harmful to human body., the + adj. 作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数。 The dead was his mother. 死者是他的母亲。 The homeless in Haiti are reported to be more than 50,000. 在强调句中，强调主语时，that/ who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语。 e.g. It was the d
14、river who was to blame for the accident. 是司机对应该对这件事事故负责。,就近原则, or, eitheror, neithernor, not only(but) also等作主语时：e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong. as well as应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。accompanied with, as much as, besides, except, including, in addition to, instead of, no less than, rather than, together with,
15、along with, with, but, like, more than, no less than, except for there be 句型中，谓语使用就近原则。,Many a +单名谓单 One and a half+复名谓单（复） One +N and a half+谓单 More than one +单名+谓单 More +复名 than one+谓复 A great/good many (of) students have ,2.代词,All, someone, none, one Almost, most, many, much, more What，whatever，w
16、hichever Nothing but, anything but, of oneself 自动的，属于自己的 in oneself 从本质上说 One cannot make a silk purse out of a sows ear. 巧妇难为无米之炊.,单复数的概念,each和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。 两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体。 all指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数。none作代词，谓语单复数两可。三者之间的相互关系不用among, 而是用between,肯定与否定,
17、完全肯定： Both of the two books are good . All of the books are good. 完全否定： Neither of the two books is/ are good. None of the books is good. 部分否定： Both of the two books are not good. Not all of us like English.,其它要点,在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前 another 3 miles; 3 miles more。 other与some, any,
18、no, every, 数词连用时，置于这些词的后面。 other与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。 every other day/while/week 每隔three: one, the other, another two: the bigger one is red.,反义疑问句,祈使句；Lets, shall we? Let us , will you? I wish后的反义疑问句 e.g. I wish to have another try, may I? 陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may。 否定性的；(un-, dis-, im, in
19、-, ir-除外),当陈述部分是I (We) think (believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I think that he has done his best, hasnt he? I dont think that you can do it, can you? We dont believe that the news is true, is it? I believe he can find her nowhere, can he? 非第一人称：按照正常来变化 He didnt think that the
20、news was true, did he?,陈述部分主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither时，they；偶见： Everyone likes the book, doesnt he? (dont they?) I am a student, arent I?,祈使句时一般用will you表示请求，用wont you表示委
21、婉请求或邀请。如： Do sit down, wont you?/ will you? Please open the window, will you? (wont you?) Dont make any noise, will you? Youd better tell him about the matter, hadnt you? There are two cakes on the plate, arent there? He used to live in the country, didnt he?/usednt he?,陈述部分must (may, might)+ have +
22、 V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时形式。 He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didnt he? You must have got up late this morning, didnt you?若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式。如： Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, havent they？,陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替。 To do one good deed is easy fo
23、r a person, isnt it? Skating is your favorite sport, isnt it? 陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如： What he said is true, isnt it? (不用didnt he?) Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用wont we?),3.冠词,A, an, the, /, 所有格 固定搭配 None the less 依然，还是 He is a poet and singer by the hour/ A
24、house of palace The instant/moment=as soon as,不定冠词,1.表示任何一个，或第一次提起某事物时用 a, an. 2.表示人或事物的某一种类，强调整体，即 以其中的一个代表一类要用a/an。 3.不定冠词用于“单位”前，表示 “每一”。 2 times a day. 4.be + of + a (an) + n.，表示不相同的。 Tom and his sister are of a height.,定冠词the,1.谈话双方都清楚谈论对象是何物时要用the。 2.表示独一无二的事物前要用the。 3.在江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、半岛、运河、山脉、
25、沙漠等词前要用the。 4.形容词转化为名词时，用示表示一类人，在前面要用the。 5.在组织、团体前要用the。 6.姓the职位，表示一种称谓方法。 7.Festival表示的节日前要用the；Day表示的节日前不用the。,8.在季节、月份、日期、星期等名称前，一般不用the。（有修饰语时要用the） 9.在街道、公园、大学、刊物等名称前，一般不用the。 10.在表示官衔、头衔、职务或职称的名词之后跟名词时，不用the。（Chairman Mao） 11. 泛指玩某种游戏，不用。 12.语言、交通工具等名词前，不用the。 13. 动词turn 后面的名词前不用the。（有修饰语时要用
26、the） （His mother turned engineer.） 14、疾病前不用the。,15. 地名、人名、国名等与有名词前一般不用the。注意： 专有名词前有修饰性的句子成分时，要用the。（the old China） 在一个姓氏的复数形式前加the，表示一家人。（the Smiths） 当由普通名词构成的专有名词词组，一般要用the。（the United Nations）,零冠词,1.专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。 2.日常餐食之前不用冠词。 3.球类、棋类运动之前不用冠词。 4. 在自家人或熟人间谈到家庭成员时，不用冠词，要大写。under fire遭到进攻；受
27、到攻击或责难： Be under fire for mismanagement. He who plays with fire gets burned.玩火者必自焚。,其它要点,by day 在白天； at table 吃饭 behind time 误点 on hand 可用的 at hand 邻近，在近旁；迫在眉睫；即将发生 in handunder control: 在控制之中；在准备中 in future 今后, 往后；从现在起 in the future 将来, 未来,4.介词,by 表相差概念 by 3 inches 表单位：by the + 单位 against 反对；映衬着 e.
28、g. The mountain looks great against the sky. time at times = from time to time 不时的 at a time = every time 每一次 at one time = once 曾经 at no time = by no means 不可能,in return (for)作为报答 all above all 最重要的 after all 毕竟 in all 总共 for all = despite 尽管 all in all 总而言之,5.名词,Word at a word 立即 She put in a good
29、 word for me.她替我说好话 have no words for 无法描述或谈论 in a wordIn short; in summary: of (ones) word 说话算数 have a word with与.商谈 have words with和.争吵,mind,Great minds think alike 英雄所见略同 body and mind 身心; 肉体和精神 after/against ones mind 合.的心意 be in no mood for sth.to do sth.不想做某事, 无意做某事 be in the a mood for sth. t
30、o do sth.,N+N,名词可以作定语修饰名词，作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 材料 a diamond necklace；a bamboo pole paper money；a stone bridge 用途 a meeting room ; the telephone poles trade union ; welcome speech, 时间 a day bed ; the dinner party evening suit; midday lunch 地点 London hotels ; body temperature the spaces
31、hip floor ; the kitchen window, 内容 a story book； piano lessons the sports meet； oxygen supply the air pressure； the grammar rules 类别 children education ; enemy soldiers a bus driver,名词修饰名词一般用单数，但以下例外,1) 用复数作定语。 如： sports meeting 运动会 ；students reading-room； talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages depar
32、tment 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workers; women teachers; gentlemen officials；Boy, girl 单数,3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如： goods train (货车)； arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件； clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hund
33、red trees 两百棵树a five-year plan 一个五年计划,too much与much too,too much: “太多”，充当形容词用时，too是副词，修饰much。 如：I have too much work to do. 副词，如：Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 代词用时，后面不接名词。如：You gave me too much.你给我的太多了。much too意为“太”，much(副词)用来修饰too，以加强语气，只可起副词作用，在句中修饰形容词或副词。如： Its much too expensive.太
34、贵了。 You walk (much) too far yesterday.,倍数表达,1. The river is longer than that one by three times. 2. The river is three times longer than thatone. 3. The river is four times as long as thatone. 4. The river is four times the length of that one. 5. The length of the railway is three timeswhat it was t
35、en years ago.,6.非谓语,Sb be seen to do sth See sb do sth See sb doing sth See sth done See oneself done(被动） Make oneself done （看宾语和宾补的关系）,不定式做表语：His wish was to become a lawyer. 当主语含有do的结构时，表语的to可以省略。 The thing to do is (to) do. All /what we can do is (to) do. 考点：v. + it + adj. + to do sthfind, think,
36、 feel, believe, consider They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. cannottoo 表示再也不为过 Listening practice cannot be stressed too strongly.,make, have, let表示“使、让” （注意：get, want 不能省略） 被动时加上: be made to, be said to 不定式和疑问词 who, what, which, whether, when, how, where等的连用： How to get the pe
37、rmission is a question. I wonder who to follow.,固定句型,would rather do sth. than do sth. would sooner do sth. than do sth. cannot but do sth. 只有干某事 cannot help but do sth. 只有干某事 would as soon do sth. 尽快 would as soon do sth. as do sth. 一就,may/ might as well do sth. 还是样吧(建议）；也会吧may/ might well do sth.
38、很可能 sb. should know better than to do sth. 不该做某事 other than + 名词/ 动名词： 除以外 more than + 名词/ 动名词： 不仅仅 rather than + 名词/ 动名词：是什么而不是什么,动名词考点,It is + no + n. + doing 这样的名词有：use, good, fun, luck, 注意：There is no + n. + to do only to do 想不到、反而 only doing 结果指示,7. 时和体,1. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式： (1)be going to表示
39、现在的打算和意图； (2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；,(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如：Marlin is a young ma
40、n of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。,2.以下几类动词一般不用进行时，不用于完成进行时： (1)表感知：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste； (2)表意愿、情感：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want
41、, wish, fear, love, hate； (3)表思考、看法：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose； (4)所有、占有：belong to, owe, own, possess； (5)其他：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem,(3)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语
42、从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. (4)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/ for/ over/the past/last few(或具体数字) years/ days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如： It is four years since John left school.,(5).完成进行时指动作在完成时的基
43、础上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. (6). by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语 动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come
44、back next year.,Once environmental damage _, it takes many years for the system to recover. A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done Once/unless (p. 76,77),6. 被动语态,Make 对合适：Oak makes strong furniture 橡木合适做耐用家具 发展成为 She will make a fine doctor.她将会成为一个好医生 估计是；估算： I make the height 20 feet. Make up整理
45、；构成；弥补；捏造 make out:辨明；理解；写下，列出；进展 Make good:实现，弥补,Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A) cut B）to cut C) cutting D) being cut Write well, wash well, wear comfortable,sight on sight=at the sight of 一看见就 out of sight【俚】remarkable; incredible In sight; keep in sight; know by sight 见过面
46、; 面熟; 仅熟悉 Out of sight, out of mind. 谚去者日以疏; 人别则情疏; 眼不见, 心不烦。,7. 虚拟语气,Should, were , had +主语 But for/without Its timeIn only 该多好For fear; least, in case （should）,含蓄条件句 句型标志：Without / But for / Otherwise / Or Without your help, we wouldnt have made such big progress. （If we hadnt got your help） in or
47、der that / so that, 引导从句may/ might，can/ could do least, for fear that, in cast, 引导从句should do Its (high) time, 引导从句did Would rather, 引导从句did,proposal, suggestion, order, (should) + do Its necessary/important/essential/desirablethat sth / sb (should) + do Insist， Its suggested/ required/ orderedthat
48、sb. (should) do sth Its a pity that sb. (should) do sth.,8. 情态动词,Dare 作情态动词主要用亍否定或疑问句中。 ought to/ should have done，指过去的动作，表示一件事情该做而未做。 ought to/ should not have done，表示不该做的却做了。 Neednt have done Couldnt have done Must have done; might have done,表示“意愿戒习惯”（will/ would, shall/ should） will/ would表示主语的意愿
49、或习惯 would和used to都可以表示一种过去的习惯。 would 主要用于回忆过去；used to主要用于和现在对比，表示已经不存在的状态。 When I was studying in the middle school in Shanghai, I would go to the library every weekend. I used to smoke, but I quit it now.,shall/ should表示主语以外其他人的意愿，强调一种要求。 注意：shall用亍第二、第三人称，表示强烈愿望，表示命令，警告，允诺。 含有一定要他人做某事乊意。 You shall do what I tell you to do. 你必须告诉做我告诉你去做的事。,用法类似情态动词的短语,
