1、Unit 1 Choosing a Topic Critical Reading U n d e r s ta n d in g th e t e x t T A S K 1 K ey w ords Laypeople, radiation, understanding O b je ctive To investigate lay people， knowledge o f radiation phenomena and risk M ethods used Questionnaires and interview s T A S K 2 1 Respondents were aware o
2、 f the harm ful health effects o f radiation, w h ile they had a little understanding o f the concept o f radiation. 2 There are a b ig proportion o f respondents who support to continue the production o f nuclear power. 3 The mass media plays a very im portant role in the misunderstanding o f radia
3、tion. 4 A school program should be designed to analyzing everyday conceptions about radiation. T A S K 3 P aras. 1-2 e f b a P aras. 3-6 k h c d P a ra . 7 b c h a P aras. 8-11 f a i k P aras. 12-18 d h g f P aras. 19-20 g c a b P aras. 21-28 i j a h c h g d a b e j f i g d f e g h g c j b d e a b c
4、 e i d h e f k b c g d e f T A S K 4 1-5 2 5 4 1 3 6-10 9 7 10 6 8 11-15 13 15 11 14 12 16-20 20 19 18 17 16 21-25 25 23 21 24 22 26-28 27 26 28 T A S K 5 1 The answer reveals that the respondents fa il to understand that a new nucleus w ill be produced when a radioactive atom is broken. 2 A ccordin
5、g to the vie w o f constructivists, a person s ideas w ill survive school education and form an im portant basis fo r new learning. 3 The solution is to consider lay ideas and combine factual knowledge w ith practical or p o litic a l factors. 1T A S K 6 D iffe re n t types o f radioactive elements
6、w ill make d iffe re n t health effects, according to characteristics o f each type. T A S K 7 I t m ay be argued th a t the p o p u la tio n should have a s u ffic ie n t understanding o f ra d ia tio n phenomena to secure in d iv id u a l safety as w e ll as dem ocratic decisions. T o attain th is
7、, it is necessary fo r the com m unicators o f ra d ia tio n in fo rm a tio n to be fa m ilia r w ith the laypeop le s perceptions o f these phenomena. A questionnaire survey was conducted to exam ine non-experts conceptions o f ra d ia tio n phenomena. The survey revealed an incom plete understandi
8、ng o f concepts such as ra d io a c tiv e decay, h a lf- life and a b s o rp tio n o f ra d ia tio n and a la ck o f d iffe re n tia tio n o f between ra d ia tio n and radioactive m aterials. M any respondents d id not d istin g u ish between sources o f io n is in g ra d ia tio n and other environ
9、m ental hazards. N u cle a r pow er plants and submarines w ere the m ost feared sources o f ra d ia tio n . There are in d ica tio n s th a t the lay understanding o f ra d ia tio n phenomena and ris k is to a large extent form ed b y mass m edia and that “ school know ledge” o f these phenomena is
10、 not applied in situations belonging to the “ real w o rld ” To resolve th is problem , new teaching and in fo rm a tio n procedures are needed. These should take in to account the learners perceptions and should integrate “ school know ledge” w ith considerations belonging to the “ real w o rld ” .
11、 E n h a n c in g la n g u a g e a b ilit y T A S K 2 1 betrays, conception 2 renders 3 e xe m p lifie d , perception 4 prevalent, secure 5 p rio r to 6 proportion, gloomy 7 alternatives 8 characterized, constitutes, hazard 9 From the standpoint of, ranks 10 external, a prerequisite T A S K 3 1 in c
12、 lu d e : contain, embrace, encompass, comprise, be composed of, consist o f 2 v a lid : pow erful, convincing, sensible, rational, via b le , credible, plausible, w eighty, w ell-founded, cogent, w ell-grounded 3 basic: underlying, fundam ental, essential, root, prim e, prim ary 4 danger:hazard, ri
13、s k , threat, menace, p e ril, jeopardize 5 describe: depict, portray, characterize, narrate, outline, represent 6 d iffe re n t: discrepant, contrary, c o n flic tin g , contradictory, inconsistent, incom patible, incongruous, various, diverse 7 cause:prompt, move, inspire, stim ulate, urge, spur,
14、m otivate, induce, evoke, instigate, im pel 8 c la rify : account fo r, ju s tify , explain, illu m in a te , clear up, rationalize, elucidate ,explicate 29 h ig h lig h t: emphasize, stress, accent, feature, underline, spotlight, accentuate, give prominence to, attach importance to, give p rio rity
15、 to, underscore 10 fa c to r: component, item , element, ingredient, constituent, contributor D o in g re s e a rc h p r o je c ts T A S K 1 1 Solvent, pesticide, smoke, v ira l aggressions, ultrave radiation and io n izin g radiation. 2 Cells could id e n tify the D N A damage, and remove the damag
16、ed part and re-synthesis to repair the D N A. 3 The Stochastic effects are not systematic to each person being exposed. T heir development could not be predicted by the scale o f in d ivid u a l w hich is opposite fro m the determ inist effect. 4 The healthy surroundings may be exposed to radiation
17、during the treatment. 5 R adiation dose should be keep as lo w as possible. academic Writing U n d e r s ta n d in g a r e s e a rc h r e p o r t o r r e s e a r c h a r t ic le T A S K 2 1 Four. They are problem section, procedures section, result section and discussion section. 2 Because it w ill
18、contribute to the c re d ib ility o f the research. 3 It can allow the reader to duplicate the experiment i f there is some doubt about yo u r findings. 4 It may evaluate the research results fu lly , point out what questions rem ain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions fo r fu rther research.
19、5 Accuracy, cla rity, and completeness. D e c id in g o n a t o p ic T A S K 2 1 G e n e tic a lly E n g in e e rin g - The Im pact o f G enetically E ngineering - The Im pact o f G e n e tica lly Engineering on A g ric u ltu ra l P ractice / Food Shortage 2 B re a s t-fe e d in g P ra c tic e - B r
20、east-feeding Practice in Chinese B ig C itie s The Im pact o f U rb a n iza tio n on B reast-feeding Practice in Chinese B ig C itie s 3 In te rn e t T e ch n o lo g y - The General Im pact o f In te rn e t T echnology on E ducation - The P ositive Im pacts o f In te rn e t T echnology on Teaching M
21、 e thodolo gy T A S K 3 1 1 ) V u ln e ra b ilitie s and the R is k fro m G lobal W arm ing 2) Social Issues and G lobal W arm ing 3) The Im pacts o f G lobal W arm ing on Food Products 3G e n e tica lly M o d ifie d Foods and H ealth Issues Controversies as to G e n e tica lly M o d ifie d Foods Th
22、e D evelopm ent o f G e n e tica lly M o d ifie d Foods in China The Future o f N u cle a r Energy Safety Issues about N u cle a r Power Plants W aste M anagem ent and N u cle a r Power Plants Science Fraud in the M e d ica l F ie ld Science Fraud in China Research Pressure and Science Fraud F o r m
23、 u la t in g r e s e a r c h q u e s tio n s T A S K 1 1 N u cle a r W aste 1) W hat is nuclear waste? 2) W h y is it d iffic u lt to dispose o f nuclear waste? 3) W hat h a rm fu l effects i f nuclear waste is not appropria tely disposed of? 4) H ow to dispose o f nuclear waste safely and econom ic
24、ally? 2 T hreats o f A r tific ia l In te llig e n ce 1) W hat are the present threats o f a rtific ia l intelligence? 2) W hat are the fu tu re threats? 3) H ow can hum an beings c o n tro l those threats? 3 G lo b a l W a rm in g and Its E ffects 1) W hat is G lobal warming? 2) How does it affect
25、agriculture? 3) How does it affect our environment? 4) How does it affect our health? 4 G e n e tica lly M o d ifie d Foods 1) W hat are advantages and disadvantages o f GMFs? 2) W hy do GMFs gain more popularity in the developing countries? 3) H ow safe are GMFs? 4) W hat are the effects o f GMFs o
26、n human health? T A S K 2 M y topic: Science Fraud Epidem ic in China 1 I t is prevalent in universities and scientific institutes. 2 There are many reports and articles discussing science fraud. 3 I t is manageable since the study involves questionnaire and interviews. 4Research Questions 1 W hat i
27、s the current situation o f science fraud in tertiary institutions? 2 W hat are the underlying causes fo r the prevalence o f science fraud? 3 W hat measures could be taken to address the problem? W r it i n g a w o r k in g t i t l e T A S K 2 1 Question title s are not appropriate. I t is better t
28、o use “ Economic E ffects o f Climate Change” 2 Good 3 Impacts o f G lobal W arm ing on China 4 Good 5 Good 6 Good 7 Good 3 Literacy Skills A v o id in g p la g ia r is m T A S K 1 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 N 8 Y 9 Y 10 Y T A S K 3 1 N o t com m on know ledge 2 N o t 3 N o t 4 N o t 5 N ot C it a t
29、io n T A S K N um erous research studies dem onstrate c o n s is te n tly th a t te a ch in g prom otes b o th language a c q u is itio n and academ ic K asper, 1994; K ru e g e r S now 1997; S try k e r 5gains in the second language, e.g., in the re ce p tive s k ills o f lis te n in g and reading
30、(B u rg e r et a l., 1997; R eady B a b b itt, 2 001; K asper, 1994; W in te r, 2 0 0 4 ). The to p ic sentence is “ content-based second language te a ch in g prom otes b o th language a c q u is itio n and academ ic success.” The w r ite r uses lite ra tu re evidence to su p p o rt the id e a in t
31、erm s o f speaking, reading and w ritin g . Q u o tin g T A S K 1 1 Author-focused version: According to Anyanwu (1983), most Nigerians believe that “ urban existence is synonym ous w ith extrem e in d iv id u a l and com m unity p o ve rty” . Inform ation-focused version: Influenced by western cult
32、ures， most Nigerians believe that “ urban existence is synonym ous w ith extrem e in d iv id u a l and com m unity p o ve rty” (A nyanw u, 1883). 2 Author-focused version: Anyanwu (1983) suggested that mothers should be educated “ how to prepare and use h y g ie n ic a lly acceptable supplem entary
33、foods” . Inform ation-focused version: We may educate mother “how to prepare and use h y g ie n ic a lly acceptable supplem entary foods” (A nyanw u, 1983). S u m m a r iz in g T A S K 1 1 c. b. a. d 2 b. a. c. d 3 a. d. c. b T A S K 2 1 Chinese b ig cities suffer fro m grow ing tra ffic problems. 2
34、 Some long and com plicated sentences mean very little . 3 The basic tenet o f constructivism holds that learners themselves construct knowledge, rather than receive it fro m outside. 4 Some educationalists contend that deciding on a m ajor is the most c ritic a l decision students face when enterin
35、g college, whereas others argue that the most im portant thing fo r students to discover in university is th e ir true interests, because many establish careers not related to the m ajor they studied in college. 5 The m ajority o f Am erican Internet users, especially teenagers, use SNS, w hich has
36、altered the pace and process o f m aking and m aintaining friendships. 6 A ccording to H irs h i and Gottfredson, the propensity (倾向 ） o f someone to com m it crim e comes fro m his o r her lack o f self-control, whereby the urge to feed desires causes one to even break the law. 6T A S K 3 1 Gordon
37、& T aylor (1989) believes that although most people feel a great deal o f anguish when faced w ith w ritin g tasks, this feeling can be managed by developing personal procrastinatio n- avoidance strategy. 2 F rick (1991) claim s that history has demonstrated that technology affects education profoun
38、dly. Considering the d e fin itio n o f technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used p rim itiv e technologies to teach s kills to th e ir young. 3 H e w itt (1996) believes that acts o f academic dishonesty undermine the v a lid ity o f teaching and learning. 4 Edelso (2002) claim s that legal rights and safeguards lead to investments by individuals, w hich has a higher im pact on raising liv in g standards o f countries than these countries， natural resources have. 7
